TRIPP GIANT LEVELLER CO. V. BRESNAHAN.
391
many purchasers. Thus respondent has reaped pecuniary benefit in the sale of Bradley mills, by reason of the established merit of the Bryan mill, the patent in controversy. A decree will therefore be entered in favor of the complainant.
tJNIYERSAL WINDIXG
co.
v. WILLIMANTIC LIXEN CO.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. January 25, 1899.) No. 15. 1. PATENTS-TNVENTION-PROCESS AND PnOm:CT-PATENTS FOR COPS.
;'>;0. 4-86,745,
The 'Vardwell patents, No. 480,158, for a method of winding cops, and for a cop which is the product of such process, held void for want of patentable novelty. The Wardwell patent, No. 480,157, for a machine for winding cops, construed, and held not infringed.
2. SAME-MACHINE FOR WINDING COPS.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Connecticut. Edwin H. Brown and Edward N. Dickerson, for appellant. Chas. E. Mitchell and John P. Bartlett, for appellee. Before W ALLAOE and LACOMBE, Circuit Judges, and WHEELER, Disti'ict Judge. PER CURIAM. The discussion of all the material questions involved in this cause in the opinion by Judge 'l'ownsend in the court below (82 Fed. 228) is so full and satisfactory that we do not deem it necessary to go over them again in an opinion by this court. vVe do not mean to be understood, however, as indorsing his conclusion that the product patent is void because of the prior process patent. The applications bJ' the patentees for both patents were pending in the patent office concurrently, the application for the product patent being the earlier. As we are of the opinion that the product patent is void for want of novelty, for the other reasons assigned by Judge Townsend, it is unnecessary to consider whether it is void in view of the earlier issue of the process patent, and do not intend to pass upon that question. The decree is affirmed, with costs.
-_._-----TRIPP GIANT LEVELLER
v. BRESNAHAN et al. FebrHary 9, 1899.)
(Circuit Court, D. Massachusetts. No. 321. 1.
PATENTS-VAI,JDTTY-EFFECT OF FOHMER DECISIONS.
Where a patent has been declared valid after protracted litigation, It raises a very strong presumption III its favor, and new alleged anticipatory matter must clearly convince the court that the former decisions were wrong. If any doubt exists, the former adjudications should stand.
392 2.
92 FEDERAL REPORTER.
SAME-'-:ANTlCIPATION-MACHTNE FOR BEATING OUT SHOE SOLES.
The Cuteheon patent, No. 384,893, for improvements in machInes tor beating out the soles of boots and shoes, was not anticipated by either the Collyer patent, No. 178,598, nor by the De Forest patent, No. 270,936, for an improvement in presses for pressing material of a spongy nature, such as cotton or tobacco.
This was a rehearing on supplemental bill filed by defendants. For former opinion, see 61 Fed. 289. Causten Browne and Alex. P. Browne, for complainant. Fish, Richardson & Storrow and William Quinby, for defendants. COLT, Circuit Judge. This is a rehearing of the suit of the Tripp Giant Leveller Company against Bresnahan and others, brought for infringement of the Cutcheon patent, No. 384,893, for improvements in machines for beating out the soles of boots and shoes. On 15, 1894, after hearing upon pleadings and proofs, this court ordered a decree in favor of the complainant, adjudging the first claim of the patent valid, and infringed by the defendants, and referring the cause to a master for an account of profits and damages. The rehearing is upon the original record and additional proofs brought in by supplemental bill :filed January 24,1898. The ground of the rehearing is the alleged discovery, since the original hearing and decree, of two prior patents,-the Collyer patent, No. 178,598, dated June 13, 187G; and the De Forest patent, No. 270,936, dated January 23, 1883. , The supplemental bill prays that the defendants "may be permitted to interpose the said prior patents to Collyer and De Forest in defense of said original suit, as anticipations of the invention of the said Cutcheon patent, and as material to the true construction of the first claim there· of, and to the question of infringement, with the same force and effect as though said Collyer and De Forest patents had been pleaded in their answer to the bill of complaint in said original cause." The Cutcheon patent has been strenuously contested for the past seven years. The validity of the first claim has been four times sustained by this court,-twice on final hearing, once on motion for pre· liminary injunction, and once on petition for contempt. It has been twice sustained on appeal by the circuit court of appeals,-in one case on final hearing, and in the other on motion for injunction. 52 Fed. 148; 8 C. C. A. 475, 60 Fed. 80; 61 Fed. 289; 70 Fed. 982; 19 C. C. A. 237, 72 Fed. 920. Where a patent has been declared valid after protracted litigation, it raises a very strong presumption in its favor, and the new alleged anticipatory matter must clearly convince the court that the former decisions were wrong. If any doubt exists on this point, the former adjudications should stand. In Heaton-Peninsular Button-Fastener Co. v. Elliott Button-Fastener Co., 58 Fed. 220, 223, Mr. Justice Brown said: "Assuming it to be a question of doubt whether the changes made in the :McGill patent did involve invention, the fact that the patent has already beel' sustained in two other cases is sufficient of itself to turn the scale in favor of the patent."
See, also, Vulcanite Co. v. Willis, 1 Flipp. 388, Fed. Cas. No. 5,603; Office SpeeiaItyMfg. Co. v. Winternight & Cornyn Mfg. Co., 67 Fed.
TRIPP GIANT I.EVELLER CO. V. BRESNAHAN.
393
928; Manufacturing Co. v. Spalding, 35 Fed. 67; Paper Co. v. Elsas, 65 Fed. 100l. The first claim of the Cutcheon patent is as follows: "(1) A machine for beating out the soles of boots and shoes, provided with two jacks, two molds, and means, substantially as described, having provision for automatically moving one jack in one llirection while the other is being moyed in the opposite diredion, whereby the sole upon one jack will be under pressure while the other jack will be in a conYenient position for the removal of the shoe therefrom."
The meaning of this claim to my mind is free from doubt. It seems to me to cover this: In a machine of this type, or a direct pressure machine, the combination of hvo jacks and two molds, and means, substantially as described, or their known equivalents, for automatically moving OIle jack in one direetion while the other jack is being moved in the opposite direction, whereby the sale of the shoe upon one last will be under pJ'essme while the other jaek will be in a eonvenient position for the removal of the shoe therefrom. 'rhe Cutcheon machine is limited to two pressing mechanisms working automatieally, in which only one pressing mechanism operates at a time to press. In the art of beating out the soles of shoes, this conception was new with Cutcheon. Any machine which makes use of this simple mechanical movement, mU;Jely, the simultaneous motions of pressure and clearance by two pressing members in opposite directions, and employs substantially the same or known equivalent means to accomplish the same result, is an infringement. Any machine which uses a different meehanieal movement, or which employs substantially different means, or means which were not known equivalents at the date of the patent, does not infringe. The single section machine of Pray, and the so-called "gang machines," which were old in the art at the date of the Cuteheon invention, are not antieipations. 'l'he circuit court of appeals, in the case of Bresnahan v. Leveller Co., 19 C. C. A. 237, 241, 72 Fed. 920, 923, in affirming the decision of this court, said: "Claim 1 of the patent in suit is a very broad one, and, as we held it valid,. it would seem that no method of making the conneetion between the actuating jacks and the crank shaft, by means well known in the arts at the date of the patent, would evade it."
The Collyer patent, which is now brought forward as an anticipation of the Cutcheon, is a gang machine. It was for an improvement on a patent. It describes six sets of beating-out mechanisms arranged in a common frame. The improved device substitutes, for the cam which operated upon the pressing mechanisms successively, another form of cam, which operated upon two or more of the pressing meehanisms simultaneously. The single claim of the patent is as follows: "The frame and reciprocating jack rods and molds or dies, in combination with a cam adapted to operate the jack rods simultaneously two or more, as the frame and cam change position with relation to each other, substantially as described."
Collyer, in describing how he would beat out two shoes on his ma. chine after the manner of the Cutcheon patent, testifies:
394
"I would put the first one on the tirst jack which was out from pressure. I then start the machine, and that passed the shoe under pressure. I then put the second sample shoe on the following last. I then start the mrrehine. :and that puts the second shoe under pressure. I then can revolve tlw ma<chine having two shoes under pressure. 'When the machine comes to a stop, I take the first shoe from the jack. I start the machine again, and the ollier shoe comes out from pressure. Then the machine remains as I started it at first."
In the Collyer machine, operated with two shoes, one shoe is first moved into pressure; then the second shoe is moved into pressure, the first shoe still remaining under pressure; then both shoes are moved under pressure; then the first shoe is removed out of pressure; and finally the remaining shoe. In the Cutcheon machine, one shoe is moved from the position of removal to the position of pressure while the other shoe is being moved from the position of pressure to the position of removal; in other words, the first claim of the Cutcheon patent is for a combination of mechanism "for automatically moving one jack in one direction while the other is being moved in the opposite direction." The two machines are different in construction and mode of operation, and therefore Collyer is not an anticipation of Cutcheon. The Collyer machine was old in the art, and presumably known to the trade. The fact that it is not shown to have gone into use while the Cutcheon machine, with its more simple mechanism, has proved commercially successful, tends to show that the two machines are different, and that the Cutcheon machine possesses patentable novelty. Upon its face, the De Forest patent is closer to Cutcheon than Collyer. It relates to an improvement in presses for pressing materials of a spongy nature, such as cotton and tobacco, and more especially of plug tobacco. The specification says: "The presses now In use for making plug tobacco consist of a mold in which the loose tobacco leaves are pressed, and the attendant, by means of a lever. causes the plunger to compress the same. It is necessary to hold a newlypressed plug a short space of time under presdure, for, if relieved immediately after it has the greatest pressure, its spongy nature would cause it to swell. and it would tlJen require more surface of leaf to suitably cover it. 'Phis time of the attendant is consequently lost to the manufacturer, and, as within this time another plug could be made, a machine so constructed as to enable the attendant to make use of this time would produce double the quantity. 'fhis object is accomplished by my invention; and it consists-I"irst, in HlP employment of two or more reciprocating molds mounted on one frame, and operated by cams firmly secured to a common shaft in reversed position; second, In the peculiar construction of and devices forming the molds, wherelly aq automatic movement of the end plate is secured; third, in the means of adjusting the mold to form plugs of various sizes; fourth, in arresting the cams at each half revolution, and also in the peculiar devices by which this is accomplished, for the purpose of discharging and recharg'ing the mold not under pl"eSSllre, and permitting the material under pressure to attain compactness; and, fifth, in the use in the mold of a removable bottom block. which has a hinge bearing groove for the edge of the front or apron of the mold."
The De Forest patent is for a machine for compressing spongy materials. The Cutcheon patent is for a machine for beating out leather soles. The two arts are not the same. The objects to be accomplished and the materials to be operated upon are different. Beating out means leveling, shaping, or bending to a certain predetermined
·rRIPp GIANT LEVELLER CO. V. BRESNAHAN.
395
shape. Neither compression nor compacting is the main result which is sought. From the nature of the material, it is apparent that you cannot compress sole leather in the sense that you can compress loose fibers or leaves of spongy substances, like cotton or tobacco. 'fhe fundamental purpose of the De Forest machine is to compress loose tobacco leaves or like "spongy" material. The fundamental purpose of the Cutcheon machine is to shape and set into proper curvature and form the leather sole of a shoe. The two machines are different in mode of operation and mechanical construction. In the De Forest machine the material is being pre8i:\ed from the time the machine starts until it stops; in other words, there is only one motion, namely, motion with pressure. In a beating-out machine, like the Cutcheon, the last carrying the shoe must be moved a substantial distance without pressure; in other words, there are two motions, the motion of clearance and the motion of pressure, and the clearance motion is several times greater than the pressure motion. Both machines have two throw crank shafts, but the Cutcheon machine must be so organized that the jacks and molds will perform the proper clearance motion in addition to the pressure motion. A machine in which the whole of the throw is devoted to the pressure motion, like the De Forest, is all that is needed for compacting spongy material, such as tobacco, but it would be inoperative and useless as a beating-out machine. The De Forest machine is a duplex pressing machine, but it is not a duplex clearing and pressing machine. 'Whether a pressing machine presses the whole or a part of the time during its operation may, theoretically speaking, seem an unimportant matter; but to take from another art a De Forest machine for pressing spongy substances, where the pressure motion is continuous, and reorganize it into a practical and useful beating-out machine, with its motions of clearance and pressure, is quite another question. It is not denied that the actuating mechanism of the De Forest and Cutcheon machines is different. With the Cutcheon machine before us, it may seem easy to produce it by reorganizing De Forest, and borrowing from Pray; but this does not prove antieipation by De Forest, or lack of invention in the Cutcheon patent. In the beating-out art, Cutcheon was the first to produce an automatic direct pressure duplex machine. '('he sale of beating-out machines to-day is practically limited to the Cutcheon machine. It is fast supplanting the use of the old single section and gang machines. In devising his machine, Cutcheon not only employed the lasts and molds for beating out shoes (which were old) in place of the plungers and molds of De Forest, but, in addition, he combined his lasts and molds with his two-throw crank-shaft in a different manner and for a different purpose than the plungers and molds were combined by De Forest with his two-throw crank-shaft. We are not prepared to say that this did not constitute invention. Nor are we prepared to hold that De Forest makes the first claim of the Cutcheon patent void, or narrows the construction already given to it by this court and the court of appeals. But, however this may be, we are at least satisfied that the new evidence introduced by the defendants in support of their supplemental bill is not of such a clear and convincirg character
92 FEDERAL REPORTER,
that, under the rule prevailing incases' like the present, it should induce the court to reverse or modify its former decisions. The interlocutory decree of March 19, 1894, stands confirmed. Decree confirmed. THE ORANMORE. (Circuit Court, D. Maryland. 1.
December 15, 1885.)
Where cattle died In transit because of the negligence of the shipper in failing to provide sufficient bedding and ropes with which to tie in the stalls provided by the ship, a libel against the ship to recover for such loss will be dismissed. BILL OF LADING-CONSTRUCTION-FOREIGN LAW-ApPI,ICATION.
OF CATTLE-NEGLIGENCE-LIBEL-DISMISSAL.
2.
A bill of lading of an English ship provided that all questions arising therennder against the ship or her owners should be determined by English law in England. Held, that such provision was valid, and that the English law governed a libel in admiralty for the loss of property under snch bill of lading by the shipper, who was a resident of the United States. I
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the District of Maryland. Libel by Edward Morris, by August Rieser, his next friend. against the British steamship Oranmore, to recover for G7 head of cattle wilich died and were thrown overboard, and for depreciation in value of others, during their transportation from Baltimore to Liverpool in 1885. '1'he libelant, a citizen of the United States, shipped on the steamship 320 head of cattle, to be carried on the upper between-decks, and received through his agent a bill of lading which recited that the shipment was made under, and subjeet to the conditions of, a "live-stock freight contract," dated Baltimore, i\ovember 19, 1884, and signed by libelant and his father, by which they agreed. on the terms therein expressed, to ship as many cattle as could be carried on the upper between-decks of five of the Johnson Line steamers, plying between Baltimore and LiV'erpool, of whkh the Oranmore ,vas one, for two consecutive voyages of each of the five steamers, commencing with the voyage in question. '1'he sixteenth clause of the contraet provided that "any questious arising under this contract or bill of lading against the steamer or her owners shall be determined by English law In England." The bill of lading also contained the following exceptions: ... * * or any other .perils of tile sea, rivers, navigation, or of land transit, of whatsoever nature 01' kind, and whether any of the perils, causes, or things above mentioned, or the loss or injury arising thei'efrom, be occasioned by the wrongful act, default, negligence, or error in judgment of the owners, pilot, master, officers, crews, stevedores, or other persons Whomsoever, in the service of the ship, 01' for whose acts the shipowner would otherwise be liable, or by unseaworthiness of the ship at the commencement of the voyage (provided all reasonable means have been taken to provide against such unseaworthiness), or otherwise, howsoever excepted. The shipper provides fodder and attendance for the live stOCk, and takes all responsibility in, their shipping, carriage, and discharge, and for the accidents, damage, and mortality that may happen to them, from whatever cause arising, in loading, discharging, and during the voyage. * .. .. The steamer provides fittings as customary upon steamers of this line, and also provides a condenser Jor distilling water; but the steamer is not to be held· responsible for .any defect or insufficiency in said fittings or in the ·condenser, or any of its appurtenances, or in the ventilation of the ship, the same being hereby approved of by the shipper; nor for any claim, notice of which is not given before the delivery of the live stock by the steamer." The libel alleged ·thatthe loss occurred by reason of the insufficient
THE ORANMORE.
897
fittings of the stalls, whIch the steamer contracted to provIde for the cattle. The defense is that the fittings were sufficient, and that the cattle were Injured and lost by the negligence of the cattlemen sent by libelant to feed and care for them on the voyage, and by the insufficient amount of bedding put under them by the cattlemen, and by the weakness of the head ropes furnIshed by the shipper; also, that the exceptions in the bIll of lading are to be Interpreted accordIng to the EnglIsh law, and that by the Engiish courts such exceptions would relieve the ship from liability, though the losses occurred by reason o! the insufficiency of the cattle fittlngs. "From a decree dismIssing the blll (24 Fed. 922), libelant appeals. Affirmed.
Sebastian Brown and John C. Richberg, for appellant. Brown & Brune, for appellee. Findings of Fact. BOND, Circuit Judge. (1) Edward Morris, of Chicago, the libelant below, under and in pursuance of the live-stock freight con· tract and the bill of lading (Exhibits A and B) filed with the libel in this case, shipped alive, and in apparently good condition, 320 head of cattle, to be delivered at Liverpool or Birkenhead, England, as provided by said contract and bill of lading. (2) By the said contract and bill of lading the shipper was to provide sufficient attendants, ropes, bedding, food, and necessaries for the care and use of the cattle, and the steamer was to provide stalls or pens for the cattle. The steamer prOVided stalls or pens for the cattle, and fittings, as required by the contract and bill of lading. The shipper did not provide a sufficient number of men for the care of the cattle, nor a sufficient quantity of bedding, nor sufficient or proper ropes, for the safe transportation of the cattle. (3) By the negligence and inefficiency of the foreman of the cattlemen and his assistants, and by the want of proper and sufficient bedding and ropes, 67 of said cattle died in the course of the voyage to Liverpool. (4) The cattle fittings on the Oranmore on the said voyage were properly constructed, in accord· ance with the provisions of the contract and bill of lading, and were approved and passed as good and sufficient by the inspector of underwriters interested in the ship and all the cargo, except Morris' cattle. Morris did nm insure his cattle for said voyage, and Morris accepted the fittings then on the steamer. (5) The sixteenth article of the livestock freight contract contained the provision that any questions arising under that contract or the bill of lading against the steamer or her owners were to be determined by English law in England. (6) By the English law, all the provisions of the live-stock freight con· tract and the bill of lading were lawful and valid. Conclusions of Law. 1. The loss having been caused by the default of the libelant and his agents, the libel must be dismissed, with costs. 2. The English law governs the case. 3. Under the provisions of the live-stock freight contract and the bill of lading, the steamer and her owners are free from liability for the losses sus1;ained by the libelant, and the libel must be diamissed, with costs.
92 FEDERAL,REPORTER.
HASTORF v. MOORE.
(District Court, S. D. New York. February 20, 1899.) SHIPPING-INJURY TO SCOW-LIABILITY OF CHARTERER.
Defendant's who, under the charter, had control of the movements of a scow hired from plaintiff, for convenience· in unloading swung the stern Inshr;lre, where she grounded on some spiles and was injurell. Held, that the presence of a boatman or scowman employed by plaintiff did not relieve defendant from liability, where such man exercised no authority as to the movement of the scow, and had no knowledge of the presence of the spiles.
In Admiralty. This is a libel in personam to recover damages from respondent, as charterer, for an injury to a scow. Louis B. Adams, for libelant. Benedict & Benedict, for respondent.
BROWN, District Judge. The damage done by getting the stern of the scow aground on the spiles above the abutment of the bridge, arose from hauling her stern back and inshnre by the men who were unloading her; and this was done no doubt for their convenience in unloading. By the charter or hire of the scow, she was under the direction and control of the respondent in discharging the stone. n was the respondent's duty to give her a safe berth, and any change of position for the purpose of unloading, was within the control of the respondent or of the person or persons with whom the respondentmight leave the work of unloading. The plaintiff's man, who was nn board the scow, could have had no object in hauling her back and inshore; and he had no previous knowledge of the ground. In view of his contradiction of Mr. McKenzie's statement, I do not feel satisfied to charge him with knowledge of any.danger from a little change in the scow's position by the workmen in course of un· loading.· It is in the highest degree improbable that he would have given any assent or remained silent while the stern of the scow was moved inshore and back, if he had received any proper notice of dan· ger from doing so. Had the scowman not been on board, there could be no question that the respondent would be answerable for the damage done by grounding her on the spiles through change of position in unloading, whether she was moved back by the orders of Mr. McKenzie; or in his absence, by the act of the men in respondent's employ who were unloading her. Story, Bailm. § 400; Schouler, Bailm. 145; Smith v. Bouker, 49 Fed. 954; Gannon v. Ice Co., 91 Fed. 539. The respondent would be resp6nsible for their acts. The presence of the scowman, in my opinion, could make no difference in this responsibility, unless the removal were under his direction o,r with his acquies. cence with clear knowledge of the bottom. It was not his duty to examine the ground, nor was a removal by defendant's men, in the ordinary course of unloading,a change of place for which the scowman or the libela"nt was responsible. The libelant is, therefore, entitled to recover the natural and proper damages from grounding. The pumping, I am satisfied from the evi-