FEDERAL REPORTER.
tba,t the provisions pf section 5480 of the Revised Statutes were continued !in undiminished force'" and effect by the act of March 2, 1889. This was the practical ponstruction which the courts gave to this act in the cases of Weeber v. U. S., 62 Fed. 740, and U. S. v. Durland, 65 l"ed. 408. It is true that it does not appear that the precise question now. before us was distinctly raised or discussed by counselor court in either of those cases, but the very omission is significant. Moreover, th.e latter case was reviewed by the supreme court (Durland v. U. S., 161 U. S. 306, 16 Sup. Ct. 508), and the conviction was sustained. That case involved the construction of the act of March 2, 1889, and the judgment of affirmance there rendered is equivalent to a direct ruling against the point which the plaintiff in error here makes. The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
UNITE'D STATES v. BINNEY.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. No. 2,222. CUSTOMS DUTIES-CLASSIFICATION-DIAMOl'\D STEEL.
May 22, 1896.)
"Diamond Steel," which is made by crushing small steel Ingots, after they have been submitted'to a special treatment, to various degrees of fineness, from the size of a buckwheat kernel to an impalpable grain, and which Is. used in sawing .stone and for like purposes, was dutiable under the provision for "steel in all forms and shapes, not specially provided for," in paragraph 122 of the act of 1894, and not as a manufactured article not specially provided for, under paragraph 177.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. This was an application to the circuit court, by an' importer, for a review of a decision of the board of general appraisers reversing the decision of the collector of the port of New York in the classification for duty of .certain merchandise invoiced as "Diamond Steel." The collector assessed a duty of 35 per cent., under paragraph 177 of the tariff act of August 28, 1894, and the importer protested, claiming that the duty should have been levied at the appropriate rate, under paragraph 122. The merchandise was· described by the appraiser in the following language, which the evidence shows is substantially correct: "It Is manufactured from small steel ingots,the process consisting of submitting 1fue ingots to an intense heat; then, after cooling, putting them into a crusher, wiJ:J.ich crushes them into vario.us degrees of fineness, from the size of a buckwheat kernel to an impalpable grain. The different degrees of fineness are separated by passing the different material through sieves or screens. When the process of manufacture is completed, it is put up in packages, and numbered accor\ling to its degree of fineness. It is used by stone sawyers and for vario)ls special purposes."
Paragraph 177, under which the collector classified this merchandise, is as follows: "177. Manufactured articles or wares, not specially provided for In this act, composed wholly or in part of any metal, and Whether partly or wholly manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem."
GONlloLmATED CAR HEATING CO. Y. AKERICAN ELECTRIC H. CORP.
993
Paragraph 122 is in the following language: "122. Steel ingots, coggoo Ingots, blooms, and slabs, by wihatever proce8ll made; die blocks or blanks; billet<! and bars and tapered or beveled bars; Btea.mer, crank, and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting rods and piston rods; pressed, sheared, or stamped 8hapes; saw plates, wholly or partially manufactured; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not in bars; alloys used as ilubstitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron-molded steel castings; sheets and plates not specially prOVided for In this act; and steel In all forms and shapes, not specially provided for In this act, all of the above valued at one cent per pound or less, three-tenths of one cent per pound. · · ...
The board of general appraisers sustained the importer's protest, holding that the goods should be classified as "steel in all forms and shapes not Bpecially provided for," under paragraph 122. On appeal to the circuit court, the decision of the board was sustained by Townsend, J., in the following opinion: "The merchandise In question III known as 'Diamond Steel,' and was assessed tor duty under paragraph 177 of the act of 1894, as a manufacture of steel not otherwise provided for. The Importer protested, claiming that it was dutiable under the provisions of paragraph 122 of said act, as 'steel in all forms and shapes not specially provided for.' The question is as to which of these provisions Is more specill.c. Upon this doubtful question I am inclined to follow the 1I.ndlng ot the board of appraisers that the merchandise Is s. form of steel. As is argued by counsel for the importer, this article Is made by crusbing steel Ingots, which are specifically provided for under paragraph 122. The only change in the Ingot is a change of form. Inasmuch as paragraph 12:.1 covers both steel ingots and steel In all forms and shapes, and the article remaiD.ll steel, but simply changed In form without any change in the character of the metal, I think the lI.tJ.ding of the board of general appraisers sustaining the protest is right. Let an order be entered accordingly."
From this decision of the circuit court, the United StateS took the present appeal. Wallace MacFarlane, U. S, Atty. Comstock & Brown, for appellee. Before LACOMBE and SHIPMAN, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Decision affirmed, on opinion below.
CONSOLIDATED OAR BEATING CO.v. AMIDRICAN ELE<JrRIO muT. ING CORP. et alP (Circuit Court, D. Massachusetts. August 25, 1897.) No. 684.
L PATBNTs-INVENTION-EvIDENCE-COMMERCIAL
The tact that a patented device went into immediate use, anel practically supplanted all others, is not to be attributed entirely to artful advertising In the case of an article which is not sold to' the public at large, but is used only· by mechanics of skill In their art, u 11 the case wIth electrical heaten for rallway can. The McElroy patent, No. 500,288, for an electrical heater cOD.llisting of · combination of an lusutatina SUbstance, · wire ;lolled 1D the form of a
SUCCESS.
.. 8AHE-'-Er,ECTRICAL HEATERS.