980
77 FEDERAL REPORTER.
under side pushes against the center of the back face of the coin, and presses it forward so that the lower part of its front face is held against an upward projection of the delivery slide. As the two slides are thus fastened together, the movement of the actuating slide communicates motion to the delivery slide. The question of infringement is the important one in the case, and can be answered by determining whether the defendant's machine is outside the self-imposed boundaries of the claims. Prior to Sielaff'sinvention, patents existed which described, machines in which the coin was made to operate the mechanism for delivery, and in which the machine was intended to be operative only when supplied with a coin of the proper denomination. The complainant's expert says that the novelty of Sielaff's invention consisted in introducing means for the initial measurement of the diameter of the coin between the solid support and the end of the slot, so that a coin of too small diameter should be dropped out of the operative position; and he finds the defendant's means of initial measurement in the space bounded by the two solid lugs, between which the coin rests, and by "..hich, it is supported in part. The specification said that the slot was in one, or partly in one and partly in the other, of the coin-grasping arms; and the claim requires that the coin should be suspended edgewise between one end of the slot and the stationary ledge at the opposite end, whereas the defendant's slot is a space below the slit through which it is dropped, anI] is bounded by two stationary lugs. The description of the patented machine shows that the slot was to be created by means of a movable arm, and that the means for grasping and retaining a coin of the proper diameter were to be a stationary ledge at one end of the slot, and the other end of the slot which was a part of a moving arm. It is a strain upon language to call the space into Which the coin falls the "slot" of the patent, and to say that it is the coin-receiving slot which the coin-grasping arms of the patent were to have. But, in order to make th,e two mechanisms patentably alike, the strain upon the language of the claims is necessary, because the coin:grasping and coinmoving mechanism of the patent is very simple, while the defendant's corresponding mechanism is complex. Moreover, it was apparently made complex, so as to have a coin-grasping set of devices which do their work in a way different from that of their predecessors. The decree of the circuit court is affirmed, with costs.
BOWERS DREDGING CO. et al. v. NEW YORK DREDGING 00. et aI. (Circuit Court, D. Washington, W. D. 1. PARTIES IN PATEN'!' SeITS.
December 16, 1896.)
A principal contractor, whose subcontractor uses an alleged infringing machine in doing the work, is a proper defendant to an infringement suit, and cannot be heard to say that its subcontractor should be made a defendant. SAME-CORPOHATIONS-EMPJ,OYES AND AGENTS.
2.
A corporation sued for infringement cannot be heard to complain because its employ6s and agents have been joined as defendants.
BOWERS DREDGIXG CO. V. NEW YORK DREDGING
ro.
981
a.
PATENT
in a suit founded upon a patent, the complainant is not entitled to a provisional injunction pendente lite, unless the patent has been previously estab· lished by the final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction, after a full hearing upon the merits, or unless it be shown by clear and satisfactory evidence that the patent is valid, and that the defendant intends to, and will if not restrained, infringe the same, and that such infringement, during the con·· tinuation of the litigation, will work irreparable injury to the complainant. Judgments and decrees entered by consent, pursuant to a compromise, between the parties in patent cases, do not establish the validity of patents involved.
SUITS-PREUMIXARY IXJU1S'CTIONS.
'" SuIE-PrlIOR ADJGDICATroxs-DECREES BY COXSENT.
I.
SAME-ApPEALED CASES.
A judgment or decree upholding the validity of a patent cannot be regarded as final, for the purpose of establishing the validity of a patent, if the causl! in which such judgment or decree has been rendered has been subsequently removed into an appellate court for review, and remains undetermined and pending in the appellate court.
6.
SAME-WHEN IXJUXCTJON GRANTED.
In suits upon patent rights, so long as there is a substantial controversy as to the equities of the parties, maintained in good faith, the court will not dispose of those equities on a motion for an interlocutory injunction; and such relief will be refused where the granting of the application might seriously imperil the defendants' rights, and its refusal will not endanger the plaintiffs' rights to the same extent.
In Equity. Bill for an injunction by the Bowers Dredging Company, AJphonzo B. Bowers, and John B. Brown, against the New York Dredging Company and certain employes and agents of said company, to restrain the defendants from infringing United States patent No. 318,859,for a dredging machine, granted to Alphonzo B. Bowers. The cause was heard upon the complainants' application for an injunction pendente lite. John H. Miller and Campbell & Powell, for complainants. R. Percy Wright and E. C. Hughes, for defendants.
HANFORD, District Judge. The patent upon which this suit i:8 founded is described in the opinion of Judge McKenna in the case of Bowers v. Von Schmidt, 63 Fed. 572-584,. The bill of complaint and affidavits on part of the complainants show that the Bowers Dredging Company ,is a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Illinois, and is opeTating and tJ,'ansacting business in the state of Washington, and, by an assignment from the patentee, has the sale right to use the invention covered by the abovementioned letters patent, within the boundaries of the state of Washington, except at Gray's harbor; that said patent was duly issued to Alphonzo B. Bowers, in the year and that, since the date thereof, the utility and value of the patented invention have been recognized and admitted by many persons interested in the use of machinery for dredging and deepening the channels of rivers and waterways, and the invention has been suceessfully used in numerous places within the United States, and large amounts of capital have been expended in the construction of machinery according to the specifications and drawings of said patent, and operated successfully under licenses from the patentee; that a large number of suits and actions have been and prosecuted
982
for infringements of said patent, which suits and actions have been compromised and settled; that in a suit in equit:r upon said patent by Alphpnzo B. Bowers, against A. W. Von Schmidt, in the United States circuit court for the Northern district of California, after a trial upon the merits, a decision and decree were rendered by the said court in favor of said Bowers, and against Von Schmidt, whereby the 10th, 15th, 25th, 53d, 54th, and 59th claims of said patents were upheld, and the validity thereof established; that subsequently an action at law and a suit in equity were commenced in the United States circuit court for the Northern district of California, by the said Alphonzo B. Bowers, against the San Francisco Bridge Compapy, for infringing the several claims of said patent above enumerated, by using a certain dredging vessel and machinery named the "Atlas," and sometimes called the "Oakland"; that, in said action and suit in equity, the defendant therein, in its defenses, disputes the validity of said patent; but no attack upon said patent in any judicial proceeding has been successful, and a great deal of testimony has been taken, to be used upon the final hearing in the said suit in equity, which, in the opinion of counsel, is amply sufficient to establish the validity of said patent. The bill of complaint also avers that the New York Dredging Company has entered into contracts for dredging in the harbors of Olympia and Everett, and in Swimomish Slough, within this state, which contracts were obtained by bidding in competition against the complainant the Bowers Dredging Company; and that, in making said improvements, a certain dredging machine, called the "Atlas," which is an infringement of said patent, and is the identical dredger involved in the litigation with the San Francisco Bridge Company, above mentioned, is being uSed; and that, by the use of said infringing machinery during the pendency of this suit, the Bowers Dredging Company will suffer damages, for which there exists no adequate remedy at law. The defendants, without having answered the bill of complaint, have, by affidavits, denied the equities of the bill, by alleging that the said patent is void for want of novelty and invention; and, if valid at all, the same does not cover nor vest in the complainants any right to a monopoly in the use of such machinery as the defendants al'e using, and they deny that the machinery in the dredging machine called the "Atlas" in any wise infringes the aforesaid patent. It is also shown on behalf of the defendants that the New York Dredging Company is not engaged in making the improvements referred to, nor in the use of the dredger Atlas, but that, having obtained contracts for making sai d improvements, has sublet the work to the San Francisco Bridge (jornpany, the defendant in the action and suit above referred to. The defendants also show that the decision and decree in the case of Bowers v. Von Schmidt, above referred to, has been, in effect, suspended by the taking of an appeal in said cause to the circuit court of appeals for the Ninth circuit, and that said cause remains undetermined and pending in said appellate court; and they also show that important evidence not submitted upon the trial of said cause in the United States dr-
BOWERS DflEDGIC'>G CO. V. NEW YORK DREDGIXG 00.
983
cuit court for the NOI'theru district of Oalifornia has been discovered, which can be now produced, whereby they can prove that the said Alphonzo B. Bowers was not the original and pioneer inventor of machinery for excavating under water, and carrying the material excavated, and depositing the same at a distance, in one operation, by hydraulic process and atmospheric pressure, but, on the con· trary, improvements in apparatus for raising mud and soil from the bottoms of rivers and other waterways, and depositing the same upon the bank or elsewhere, similar to the machinery in the Atlas, are fully described, and specifications and drawings therefor were published in the year 1856, in an English patent, granted to Lewis Schwartzkopff, and a corpy of said English patent has been produced and submitted for the inspection of the court. A large number of other American and foreign patents have also been introduced upon the hearing, for the purpose of showing that the Bowers pat· ent, instead of covering an original and pioneer inventi<m, was an· ticipated by numerous prior patented inventions, and that said Bowers patent, if valid fol' any purpose, covers only improvements in machinery previously well known and in general use. The defendants also show that the action and suit in equity against the San Francisco Bridge Oompany, in the United States circuit court for the Northern district of Oalifornia, is being defended in good faith, and no final adjudication has been obtained therein; that the action at law referred to came on for trial before the court and a jury, and the trial resulted iu the disagreement of the jury; and, in the equity case, Judge McKenna refused to grant an interlocutory in· junction, upon the ground that, the San Francisco Bridge Oompany being solvent, the complainants have an adequate remedy in an action for damages. See Bowers v. Bridge 00., 69 Fed. 640-645. COllllsel for the respective parties have been energetic and pains· taking in making a full presentation of questions as to the merits of the Bowers patent; and on the part of the defendants it is insisted that the San Francisco Bridge Oompany is a necessary party to this canse. This last point will be first disposed of. I hold that the New York Dredging Company, being the principal contractor, and responsible for making the improvements described, in which the Atlas is employed, and having failed to enter a disclaimer, is a proper party to the suit, and that said company has no right to complain because the defendants Lockwood and others have been joined as co-defendants. nor should said company be heard to say that its subcontractor, the San Francisco Bridge Company, should be made a defendant in the cause. r deem it unnecessary at this stage of the cuse to make a careful and minute examination of the details of the several claims of the Bowers patent involved in this controversy, and to make the comparisons with the numerous specifications and drawings introduced upon the hearing, for the purpose of showing the prior state of the art, which would be necessary to an intelligent decision of the questions affecting the main controversy which counsel have argued. I hold that the court is justified in reserving its opinion upon questions going to the merits whenever there appears to be a recog-
984
77 FEDF.R.U. REPORTER.
nized principle of law which must govern the decision of the particular questions necessary to be considered in ruling upon the application for an interlocutory order. From the consideration which I have given this case, I find that the following principles must be applied in making my decision: First. In a suit founded upon a patent, the complainant is not en· titled to a provisional injunction pendente lite, unless the patent has been previously established by the final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction, after a full hearing upon the merits, or unless it be shown by clear and satisfactory evidence that the patent is valid, and that the defendant intends to, and will if not restrained, infringe the same, and that such infringement, during the continuation of the litigation, will work irreparable injury to the complainant. Second. Judgments and decrees entered by consent, pursuant to a compromise, between the parties in patent cases, do not estaJbIish the validity of patents involved. Third. A judgment or decree upholding the validity of a patent cannot be regarded as final, for the purpose of establishing the validity of a patent, if the cause in which such judgment or decree has been rendered has been subsequently removed into an appellate court for review, and remains undetermined and pending in the appellate court. Fourth. In suits upon patent rights, so long as there is a substantial controversy as to the equities of the parties, maintained in good faith, the court will not dispose of those equities on a motion for an interlocutory injunction, and such relief will be refused where the granting of the application might seriously imperil the defendants' rights, and its refusal will not endanger the plaintiffs' rights to the same extent. 2 High, Inj. § 939. The application of these principles must deprive the complainants at this time of all right to rely upon prior adjudications. They come into this court virtually confessing that the validity of the Bowers patent has never been established by a final adjudication in any litigated case, and that the question whether or not the identical dredging machine complained of in this case as an infringement of their rights under the patentdOs infringe is the subject of controversy and litigation in another court. So long as that contro· versy continues, the rules of chancery practice preclude the granting of affirmative relief, until after a full consideration of the evidence upon the final hearing, and a decision in their favor upon ,the merits. In the case of Jensen v. Norton, 12 C. C. A. GOS, 64 Fed. 662-664, the circuit court of appeals for this circuit gives another rule, in the following words: "When a plaintiff in a court of equity brings a suit in good' faith to obtain preventive relief against a threatened injury, and mal,es ,a showing of facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action within the jurisdiction of the court, and shows that his adversary intends to, and will, ere a hearing can be had, commit acts which may work irreparable injury to him, it becomes the duty of the court to exercise its powers at once, by issuing an injunction, so as to maintain the status quo until the cause can be properly heard and decided."
That was a case in which the patent sued upon had been sustained and given a broad construction by the final. decision of the
H. W. JOHNS MANUF'G CO. V. ROBERTSON.
985
court of last resort. The defendants admitted doing the acts which were complained of as infringing, and resisted the application for an interlocutory injunction, on the ground that the machinery which they had constructed for doing exactly the same kind of work by substantially the same process as the mechanism described in the plaintiffs' patent was, nevertheless, so different in the details of its construction and operation as to avoid infringement, and they relied entirely upon a comparison of the different devices to make their defense good. The rule applied in that case, while of general application, has its limitations. It is not necessarily inconsistent with the principles above set forth. The chancellor is called upon to exercise a sound discretion, and, upon consideration of all the recognized rules governing equity practice, and the facts in each particular case, he must apply the rule which will come the nearest to working out complete equity between the parties. Now, as I view the situation of the parties, the defendants and people to be benefited by the harbor improvements which they have undertaken to make will probably sustain heavy losses, and be subjected to inconvenience, by being prevented from using the Atlas, and, if it should be finally adjudged that this vessel is not an infringement of the valid claims of the Bowers patent, they will have suffered deprivation of legal rights, for which they will be without adequate remedy. On the other hand, if the plaintiffs finally prevail, the exact amount necessary to compensate them for the infringement can be computed and recovered in an action for damages. The showing as to the solvency of the defendants goes only to this extent: that the New York Dredging Compamy does not own property within this jurisdiction. From this I may fairly infer that said company is responsible, and any liability for damages which it may incur can be, with but little extra trouble, enforced by a court having jurisdiction where its property may be found. It is my conclusion that there must be a decree denying the present application, but with leave to renew the applicatiO'Il before the final hearing, upon a further showing, if the complainants shall elect to do so. H. W. JOHNS MANUF'G CO. v. ROBERTSON et al. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. January 7, 1897.) L ROPE PACKING.
In- an asbestus rope for steam packing, a sizing made of starch, to cause the asbestus strands to stick to the central core of the rope, is not the equivalent of a solution of India rubber, which saturates the core to make it elastic. 2. Sum. The Johns patent, No. 257,167, for an asbestus rope steam packing, construed, and held not infringed as to the third claim. 60 Fed. 900, affirmed.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. This was a suit in equity by the H. W. Johns Manufacturing Company against Henry M:. Robertson and George T. Sinclair for in-