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74 FEDERAL REPORTElL
Application for Removal of Prisoners. Wallace Macfarlane, U. S. Atty., and J. Hinman, M. J. Kohler, and Wm. S. BaIl, Asst. U.R Attys. Daniel O'Connell, for defendants. BROWN, District Judge. Upon examination of the evidence returned upon the writ of certiorari, I am satisfied that there was sufficient probable cause to justify the Commissioner inholding the prisoners for trial upon all the charges contained in the indictment There is reasonable and probable cause to hold them upon the charge of larceny of the postage stamps, under section 5475, and that this larceny was committed on the 3d of April, by opening the door of the postmaster's private room where the vault was in which the stamps were kept, and by opening the lock of the vault. This room being used by the postmaster for post ofllce purposes was within the intent of section 5478; and such an entry for the purpose of stealing stamps would constitute a forcible breaking and entry into the post office, and punishable under section 5478. The third count charges forcible breaking into the building with intent to commit larceny, and also that the defendants did then and there steal the postage stamps, &c. No doubt either of the two branches of this indictment would constitute a separate offence uuare offences of the same kind, del' sections 5475 and 5478. and of the same grade of punishment, though with different degrees of severity. It is contended for the defendants that this count is double, and therefore bad. The precise point was fully discussed in the case of Com. v. Tuck, 20 Pick. 356, and the objection oveJ:l'Uled in cases like this, where both offences relate to and are pacts of the same transaction. Under objection made at the trial, the U. S. Attorney might nolle as to either part, and retain the other; or the jury might give a special verdict upon either part; and after a verdict the objection would not be suft1cient for the arrest of judgment. The defect, it any, therefore, appears to be one of form and of procedure rather than of essence, and is not available upon a mere application to remove the prisoners to the proper district for trial. Horner v. U. S., 143 U. S. 207,12 Sup. Ct. 407; ld. 44 Fed. 677. But if this view of the third count is erroneous, under the cases just cited, the first two counts would require removal, as probable cause seems to be shown. The application to remove must be granted.
No. lL
L
TRADE-:MARK-DESCRIPTIVE WORDS.
The word "Kaiser," used in connection with II brand of beer, Is not indicative of class, grade, style. quality. or locality, and may therefore be lawfully appropriated as a trade-mark.
J. & P. BALTZ BREWING CO. V. KAISERBRAUEREI, BECK & CO.
223
2,.
SAME-EFFECT OF TREATIES-RIGHTS OF CITIZENS OF GERMANY.
'I'he provision in the treaty with Germany, that citizens of Germany shall enjoy in the United States "the same protection as native citizens," in matters of trade-marks, etc. (Pub. Treaties, 259, art. 17), does not prevent a citizen of Germany from acquiring by prior use in this country a trade-mark in a particular word, although, by the laws of Germany, words alone, and apart from some symbol or design, are not the subject 01' appropriation. The provision in the treaty with Austria that, if a trade-mark has become public property "in the country of its origin," it shall be equally free in the territory of the other contracting party, does not prevent the appropriation in this country, by prior use here, of a word which is not the subject of appropriation under the laws of Austria.
3.
SAME-AuSTRIAN TREATY.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. This was a suit by Kaiserbrauerei, Beck & 00. against The J. & P. Baltz Brewing Company to enjoin the alleged infringement of a trade-mark. The circuit court rendered a decree for complainant (71 Fed. 695), and the defendant appealed. J. Rodman Paul and A. Biddle, for appellant. Louis C. Raegener, for appellee. Before ACHESON, Circuit Judge, and WALES and GREENE, District Judges. W ALES, District Judge. This is a suit for the infringement of a common-law trade-mark. The complainant is an alien corporation, having its principal place of business at the city of Bremen, in Germany. The defendant is a domestic corporation located in the state of Pennsylvania. Both parties are engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling beer. The complainant claims that it was the first to adopt and use the word "Kaiser" as a trade-name or trademark for the product of its brewery, and that from the time of such adoption and use, in November, 1874, it has continued to export its beer, in kegs and bottles labeled, marked, or stamped "Kaiser Beer," to its agents in the United States, where it has acquired a large and lucrative sale. The bill charges that the defendant makes and sells an article called "Kaiser Beer," which comes into unlawful competition with the beer of the same name manufactured and sold by the complainant. The proofs establish the fact of priority of use by the complainant of the word "Kaiser" as a trade-mark in the United States, and it is admitted that the defendant uses the same word for a like purpose; but the latter denies the right of the complainant to the exclusive use of the word, because it has been long used in Germany to indicate a certain excellence of quality, or superiority over other beer, and to designate beer of a certain grade or color, irrespective of the brewery producing the same. There is some evidence tending to show that there was an occasional use of the word "Kaiser," as a name for beer, in Germany, soon after the coronation of Emperor William T., but there is no evidence that it had been used or adopted as a trade-mark for beer in that country. It also
224
74 FEDERAL
appears that the word could not have been so used, under the laws of Germany, which do not permit or recognize the exclusive use of any word, apart from some symbol or figurative design, as rt rrademark. In this respect the common law and the municipal regulations of the United States and of Germany are different; and, even were they not, it has been held by our courts that a person must have shown an actual intention to acquire a title to a trade-mark before it will be protected. A merely casual, interrupted, or temporary use will not support such title, nor will a court of equity recognize by injunction a proprietary right in a phrase or name, unless it has been used in such circumstances, as to publicity and length of use, as to show an intention to adopt it as a trade-mark for a specific article. Menendez v. Holt, 128 U. S. 514, 9 Sup. Ct. 143; Kohler l\fanuf'g Co. v. Beeshore, 8 C. C. A. 215, 59 .F'ed. 576. The word "Kaiser," when used as a trade-mark, is no more expressive of excellence of quality or superiority than is the word, "King" or "Monarch" or "Royal" or "Victor," all of which have been approved as proper words for trade-marks; and there is nothing in the record to suggest that it was adopted by the complainant with any other intention than to associate it with the name of the complainant as the producer and owner of the beer, and to distinguish it from like articles manufactured by others. It is not uded to describe the class, grade, style, or quality of the beer, nor is it a word in common use as designating locality or section of country, and thus comes within the rules laid down by the supreme court in :Mill Co. v. Alcorn, 14 Sup. Ct. 151, where all the leading authorities on the subject of trademarks are collected. Reference had been made by the defendant's to the respective treaties of Germany and Austria with the United States in relation to trade-marks,-not, admittedly, as having any very material bearing on the questions at issue, but as illustrating the curious results which might follow the decree of the circuit court if affirmed. Article 17 of the German treaty reads as follows (Pub. Treaties, 259): "·With regard to the marks or labels of goods, or of their packages, and with regard to patterns and marks of manufacture and trade the citizens of Germany shall enjoy in the United States * * * the same protection as native citizens."
Article 1 of the Austrian treaty (Pub. Treaties, 35) contains the following provision: "* * * If the tl'flf1p-mark has become public property in the country of its origin it shall be eq, lly free to all in the countries or territories of the other of the two contracting parties."
It is suggested, rather than urged as an argument, that, the term "Kaiser" being open to common use in Germany and Austria,-the laws of those countries in relation to'trade-marks being substantially alike,-no subject of either should be permitted to secure the exclusive right to the use of that term as a trade-mark in the United States. The German treaty was intended to secure "the same protection" to German subjects doing business in the United States as
SCHEUER V. MULLEn.
225
is afforded to our own citizens; and it is not contended that one of the latter would be denied protection for a trade-mar'k under oUt' laws simply because that particular trade-mark would not be allowed under the laws of Germany. The treaty stipulation only requires that the alien German should receive the same treatment as the American citizen. The provision of the Austrian treaty applies to a trade-mark which has become public property in the conntry of its origin. ",-'he trade-mark which is claimed by the complainant originated in the United States, and has not become public propFrty here. It never was or could have been lawfully adopted as a trade-mark in Austria. As was said by this court in Hichter v. Reynolds, 8 C. C. A. 220, 5H Fed. 580, "It was not intended by these to gh" to the oilicial acts or laws of either country any pecnliar extraterritorial effect." The decree of the circuit court is affirmed.
v. MVLLEH et a1. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. March 17, lSfH1.)
1.
TRADI£-MATIKS-UKFAIR COMPETITION-IMITATION OF LABELS-PUELIMr:t'ARY IN.TUt'CTTO:;-.
A preliminary injunction will be granted when the court is satisfied from the affidavits and exhibits that defenuant's labels were devised with intent to delude the purchasing consumer into the belief that he is buying complainant's goods, and where such label is in fact well calculated to effect that purpose.
S.
BAME'::"'INFERENCE FROM CrnCUMsTAKCES.
The fact that defendants, who formerly used a label not imitative of complainant's, adopted a new one much resembling his, shortly after a former infringer of complainant's trade-mark came into their employ, is most sU,c:gestive of an intentional imitation. A on a label, whleh is complained of as being an imitation of the labels used by complainant in connection with a IH'epluation of chieol'Y made by him in Germany, that the contents of defendant's package is "Chicorien Kaffee aus del' Fabrik von K B. Muller & Co., in Houlers (Belgien)," is misleading and unfair, when the only tiling (lone in Belgium is to "llarYest" the chicory root; the roasting, grinding, and further manufacturing being done in this country. The fact that a firm to which a foreign manufacturer consigns his product for sale in tllis country itself puts up a similar American preparation, with labels somewhat similar, though not enough so to del'eive, is not sufficient to (lcprive the foreign maker of his right to enjoin the sale by third parties of an American preparation dressed up to imitate his own.
SA)m-1VI1SLEADING STATE)I!<;NTS.
4.
Appeal from an order of the circuit court of the "Cnited States for the Southern district of New York, made and entered December 11, 1895, granting complainant's motion for a preliminary injunction to restrain defendants from using, in conneetion with the sale of chicory not selected, mannfactured, or shipped by or for the complainant, labels or wrappers like the label designated "defendants' label," or any imitation of the label designated "complainant's label." The following are fac-similes of complainant's and defendants' labels (printed in red and yellow): v.HF.no.l-1:j