762
73 FEDERAL REPORTER.
is comprehenJed in the service of hauling to some station on its line in Chicago, is unsound. One side of the proposed equation is mythical. There is no obligation on the carrier in such a case, and as to such a consignment, to unload at a station on its line in Chicago, or to provide unloading and delivery facilities at such station. In the carrier's charge for the haul to any station or point on its line in Chicago, in such a case, there is not comprehended any compensation for unloading facilities at such station or point. The 281 cents per hundredweight pays these appellants for hauling from Kansas City to a station or point on their line in Chicago; the $2 pel' cal' pays for the transfer thence to the stock yards, where the consignees desire the delivery to be made. The Covington Case was prior to the interstate commerce law. Within the express terms of the second paragraph of section 6, quoted in the statement which precedes this opinion, the total compensation to the carrier for his services as carrier may be divided into at least two items. The separation by these appellants of theil' charge for loading and hauling to Chicago from their charge for transferring from their line in Chicago to a specified point in Chicago, away from their line, is authorized by the statute. No satisfactory reason suggests itself against the legality and propriety. under special circumstances, such as exist here and as existed in the Covington Case, of such a division of his compensation by a carrier even apart from the statute. 'fhe learncd district judge who made the order appealed from evidently understood the opinion in the Covington Case to imply that no division of a carrier's charge could be made. If this were the sound construction of that case, the statute has changed the rule, as already suggested. It is not suggested, assuming any sneh rharge as is here in question to be legal at all, that the amount is unreasonable. 'l'he contention that the carriers must move cattle from their lines of road over the track of the stock-yards company to the stock yards, without compensation other than as contained in their charges for hauling to points on their respeetive lines in Chicago (and this is what the claim of these appellees amounts to), is invalid. 'fhe order appealed from is and the cause remanded, with the direction that said order be vacated, and the intervening petitions dismissed, for want of equity.
BROWN v. P (Circuit Court of Appeals, No. 702.
Circuit. April 17, 1896.)
1.
FOR BENEFIT OF CnEDITOHS-REI-VSAL OF ASSIGNEE TO QUALIFY
Tile Iowa statute (McClain's Ann. Code, § 3307) requires the county district court, under certain circumstances, and "on the application of any person interested," to appoint some other person to execute the trust. Held, an assignee who has accepted and filed the deed, and taken possession of the property, thougll he has not filed an inventory or given
-ApPOJ],(TMENT
BROWN V. PARKER.
763
bond, is a "person interested," on whose application a successor may be appointed.
2.
SAME-WHEN ApPOINTMENT MAY BE MADE.
Statutory authority to appoint a successor if the assignee fail to file a bond and inventory within days after the assignment (McClain's Ann. Code Iowa, § 3307) includes power to make such appointment before expiration of the 20 days, on the request of the assignee and his refusal to qualify.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the District ()f Kansas. This suit was brought by George H. Brown, as assignee of the firm of John H. Engle & Son, the plaintitI in error, against George R. Parker, the defendant in error, to recover damages for the alleged wrongful conversion on or about July 1893, of a stock of merchandise situated in the town of Gaylord, Smith county, Kan. 'l'he material facts relied upon to sustain the action may be stated as follows: Prior to July 17, 1893, the firm of John H. Engle & Son, consisting of John H. I:<Jngle and John R. Engle, had been doing a general merchandise business at Hamburg, Fremont county, Iuwa, and also at Gaylord, Smith county, Kan., having stores at both of silid places. They had become financially embarrassed, and, on the day last mentioned, John H. Engle, the senior member of the firm, executed at Hamburg, Iowa, in the firm name, a general assignment for the benefit of creditors to Edward Sudendorf, as assignee. The deed of assignment in terms covered the two stocks of goods situated at Gaylord, Kan., and the stock situated at Hamburg, Iowa. The deed of assignment was delivered to the assignee therein named, and was by him duly recorded in Fremont county, Iowa, on July 18, 1893. On the succeeding day, to wit, July 19, 1893, John R. Engle, the junior member of the firm who managed the business at Gaylord, Kan., executed a mortgage on the stock of goods there situated, in favor of the defendant, George R. Parker, to secure a debt in the sum of $438.70, which the firm of John H. Engle & Son then owed to said Parker. This mortgage was duly recorded on ,July 19, 1893, in Smith county, Kan., and in accordance with its provisions the mortgagee shortly thereafter took possession of the mortgaged property. It was claimed by the defendant, Parker, that, when the lastmentioned mortgage was executed in his favor, he was led to believe, by representations made to him by .Tohn It. Engle, the mortgagor, that he had purchased all the interest of his co-partner in the stock of goods located at Gaylord, Kan., and was entitled to execute a mortgage thereon, as his sale and individual property. A demand was subsequently made on the defendant, Parker, by Edward Sudendorf, as assignee of the firm of J. H. Engle & Son, for the restoration of the mortgaged property to him, as assignee, which demand was refused. 'l'hereafter this suit was brought by George H. Brown, as assignee of John H. Engle & Son, to recover the value of the stock of goods located at Gaylord, Kan., on the ground that it had been wrongfully seized and converted by the defendant, Parker, to his own use. Prior to the bringing of such suit, George H. Brown, the plaintiff, had been substituted as assignee in the place and stead of Edward Sudendorf, the original assignee, by an order to that effect made by the Honorable 'Valter L Smith, judge of the district court in and for Fremont county, Iowa. At the condusion of the plaintiff's testimony the circuit court directed tbe jury to return 11 verdict in favor of the defendant. The case comes to this court on a writ of error that was sued out by the plaintiff below.
George E. Stoker (Charles J. Dobbs was with him on the brief), for plaintiff in error. Webb McNall and E. S. Ellis (W. W. Caldwell was with them on the for defendant in error. Before CALDWELL, SANBORN, and THAYER, Circuit Judges. THAYER, Circuit Judge, after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
764
73 FEDERAL. REPORTER.
The question presented by this record is whether the circuit court properly directed the jury to return a verdict for the defendant; and the decision of that question turnr,; upon the further inquiry whether the order substituting George H. Brown as assignee in place of Edward Sudendorf was void, and for that reason subject to be attacked collaterally. The order thus made was as follows: "In the District Court of Iowa in and for Fremont County. "In the Matter of the Assignment of J. H. Engle & Son. "On this second day of August, 1893, comes E. Sudendorf, named as assignee by the written general assignment made by J. H. Engle & Son, July 17, 1893, recorded in Book D, pages 513 and 514, of the Records of I;'remont County, Iowa, and refuses to qualify as such assignee; and thereupon George H. Brown, of Hamburg, Iowa, is appointed as assignee in place of E. Sudendorf, and the bond of said assignee is fixed at double the amount of his inventory and valuation of the property assigned; and said George H. Brown, on giving such bond with sureties approved by the clerk of the district court of Fremont county, Ia., shall possess all the powers conferred upon the said E. Sudendorf by said written assignment and the laws of this state, and shall, in like manner, be subject to all the duties imposed on said E. Sudendorf under said assignment and the laws of Iowa. "Done at chambers at Council Bluffs, Ia., the date above given. "Walter 1. SmitlJ, Judge. "Filed August 3, 1893. L. F. Kline, Clerk."
The foregoing order was made in obedience to a written application for the appointment of a new assignee, which was signed and filed by Edward Sudendorf, wherein the said Sudendorf represented, in substance, that, on account of certain business engagements, it was impossible for him to qualify and act as assignee, in complianee with the provisions of the deed of assignment. 'fhe order was also made upon the assumption that the power to make the same was conferred by section 3307, McClain's Ann. Code Iowa, which reads as follows: "In case any assignee shall die before the closing of his trust, or in case any assignee shall fail or neglect for the period of twenty days after the making of any assignment, to file an inventory and valuation. and give bonds as required by this chapter, the district court, or any judge thereof, of the county where such assignment may be recorded, on the application of any person interested, shall appoint some person to execute the trust embraced in such assignment; and such person, on giving bond with sureties as required above of the assignee, shall possess all the powers conferrc<.l upon such assignee, and shall be subject to all the duties hereby imposed, as fully as though named in the assignment; and in case any secUl·ity shall be discovered to be insufficient, or, on complaint before the court or judge, it should be made to appear that any assignee is guilty of wasting or misapplying the trust estate, said court or judge may direct and require ad<.litional security, and may remove such assignee and may appoint otlJers instead; and such persons so appointed, on giving bond, shall have full power to execute such duties and to demand and sue for all estate in the hands of the person removed, and to demand and recover the amount an<.l value of all moneys and property or estate so wasted and misapplied which he may neglect or refuse to make satisfaction for, from such person and his sureties."
It is contended in behalf of the defendant in error that the aforesaid order was not authorized by the provisions of section 3307, supra, and is ,"oid, because it was not made on the application of any person interested in the assigned estate. It has also been suggested that it was void for the further reason that the appointment
765
of a new assignee in place of Edward Sudendorf was made within less than 20 days after the making of the assignment. We think that the first of these propositions is untenable, for the following reasons: It will be observed that the statute does not, in terms, require the application for the appointment of a new assignee to be made either by a creditor of the assignor, or by the assignor himself. On the contraI'y, the language of the statute is, in substance, that the application may be made by any person interested. This means, we think, that, when a court or judge is solicited to appoint an assignee in the place of the one named in the deed of assignment, such order shall not be made at the instance of a mere interloper, but shall only be made at the instance of a person who has some personal interest, ,either as a creditor or otherwise, in asking for the appointment of a new assignee to administer the trust. The statute does not undertake to define the degree or kind of interest which a petitioner must possess, and, in the absence of such provisions, any person should be deemed an interested party who occupies such a relation to the assigned property, or to any part thereof, that he may be held responsible for its care and management. Now, in the present case the testimony shows that Edward Sudendorf occupied the relation last described when he applied to the district judge of Fremont county, Iowa, for the appointment of an assignee in his place and stead. While it is true that he had not at that time qualified as assignee of the firm of John H. Engle & Son, by filing an im-entory and giving the bond required by law, yet the evidence shows that he had accepted the deed of assignment from the assignor, and had caused the same to be duly recorded. He had also taken possession of that portion of the assigned property which was situated in the state of Iowa, and, having thus taken possession of it, he became responsible for its custody, and could only be relieved of such responsibility by delivering the property to some person who had been duly appointed to administer the trust. In view of these facts, we think that he was authorized to make an application for the appointment of an assignee, and that an appointment made on his application was not a void appointment, but was made at the instance of an interested party. There is no reason, so far as we can perceive, why an assignee who has become vested with a qualified title to property belonging to the trust estate, and who desires to divest himself of such title and to relinquish the trust, should not be regarded as having a sufficient interest to warrant him in making an application for the appointment of a new trustee or assignee. The Iowa statute, in our opinion, was designed to cover cases of that kind, as well as those cases where the assignor or a creditor is the moving party. We are also of the opinion that the second objection to the order appointing the plaintiff as assignee is not founded upon a reasonable interpretation of the aforesaid statute. The statute does provide that the district court, or any judge thereof, shall appoint some person to execute the trust embraced in the assignment, if the assignee named therein fails or neglects for the period of 20 days after the making of the assignment to file an inYentory and valuation and to
766
bond as required by law; but this cannot be held to mean that said court or judge must, in every instance, wait for a period of 20 days before naming a new assignee, when the appointment is made on the ground that the original assignee has relinquished the trust. That view of the statute would frequently lead to great loss and inconvenience, for the reason that no steps could be taken, during a period of 20 days, to collect or to administer the assigned property, even when the assignee named in the deed at once declined to accept the trust. We think, therefore, that the statute must be held to mean that the court shall wait for the statutory period when no affirmative action is taken by the assignee, but that it mav appoint an assiQ"nee within the statutory period, if the original assignee declines to qualify, and requests that some other person be appointed in his place. In other words, the statute provides that the failure of the assignee to file an inventory and give bond for the period designated in the statute shall be deemed conclusive evidence that he has elected not to qualify as assignee. But it does not exclude other evidence of that fact, nor prevent the court or judge from appointing a successor, when, before the expiration of 20 days, the original assignee appears and formally announces his intention not to qualify. It is the fact that the assignee named in the deed of assignment has relinquished the trust which confers jurisdiction to appoint a successor in office, and that fact may be established either by the failure of the assignee to qualify for a period of 20 days, or by a formal statement made by the assignee that it is his intention not to qualify. From the fact that the order above quoted was made by one of the judges of the district court of the state of Iowa, it is fair to presume that it was made in accordance with a well-established practice in that state, and that in the administration of the assignment act the courts of Iowa construe the statute in the manner above indicated. We also find some reasoning in the case of Drain v. Mickel, 8 Iowa, 438, 446, which indicates that it is the established view in that state that it is the nonacceptance of the trust by the original assignee, however that fact may be ascertained, rather than the mere lapse of time, which confers jurisdiction to appoint an assignee in lieu of the one named in the original deed of assignment. We accordingly conclude that the order in question was a valid order, and was not subject to collateral attack, even though it was made within less than 20 days after the deed of assignment was executed. In the circuit court no questions appear to have been raised, other than those above mentioned. At the conclusion of the plaintiff's testimony the trial court directed a verdict for the defendant on the sole ground that the order appointing the plaintiff as assignee was void, and for that reason conferred no title. As we are not able to assent to that view, the case must be reversed and remanded, with directions to grant a new trial, and it is so ordered.
LUMLEY V. BACKUS MANUF'G CO.
767
LUMLEY v. BACKUS MANUF'G CO. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. April 7, 189fj.) NEGLIGENCE-FoRMATION OF ICE ON SIDEWALK.
In an action for personal injuries. alleged to have been caused by the defendant's negligently permitting ice to form and remain on the sidewalk, in front of premises in the city of New York, on which the plaintiff, who was defendant's tenant, slipped and fell, it appeared that whatever ice formed at the place in question had formed less than an hour and a balf before the accident, and there was nothing to show that, before its formation, there was anything dangerous or requiring attention at such place. Held that, in view of this showing and the known variability of the winter climate in York City, there was no sulticient evidence of negligence to justify a verdict against the defendant.
In Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. 'l'his case comes here on a writ of error to review a judgment of the circuit court, Southern district of New York, in favor of defendant in error, who was defendant below. The action was to recover damages for personal injuries caused, as plaintiJI claimed, by defendant's negligence. At the close of plaintiff's case, the court directed a verdict for the defendant. Wm. D. Tyndall, for plaintiff in error. Jesse Stearns, for defendant in error. Before WALLACE and LACO-rtlBE, Circuit Judges.
LACOMBE, Circuit Judge. The defendant, a Pennsylvania corporation, was the lessee of premises No. 180, on the south side of West Thirty-Fourth street, in the city of Kew York; and plaintifl' occupied a portion of said premises, as tenant of the defendant, under a sublease. The negligence averred in tIle complaint was that on "March 1, 1898, defendant, by its servants, employes, and agents, permitted the entrance and approach and passage to said premises to be covered with water, which quickly froze, and thereby coated the flagging, steps, and premises of defendant with ice, making the said flagging, steps, and premises very unsafe, dangerous, and unfit for their proper and reasonable use by the plainti1f." It was further averred that "defendant, by its said servants, agents, and employes, well knew the said dangerous condition of the flagging, steps, entrance, and premises, and took no measures to warn the plaintiJI of its condition." The proof showed that it snowed the night before March 1, 1898, and that prior to that the weather was icy. Plaintiff's son testified that he went out of the house to get his breakfast at about 9 :80 a. m., and that at that time there was snow and ice on the steps, which had accumulated there the previous night, making it necessary for him to be careful, and pick his way along down the steps. On his return from breakfast, he saw a colored boy, who was employed about the house, engaged in cleaning them. The boy had a pail of hot water and a broom. He was dashing the water on the steps, and then scrubbing with the broom, to get the snow and ice off. How