nDERALREPORTER,
vol.in.
pares a sand mold, into which bronze is cast, the result being the statue complete, except for smoothing, chasing, and touching up. the clay moMI is in no sense the The artist's handwork in work which transforms the metal itself into the statue, and the fact that some "touching up" or smoothing ()r chasing is put upon the castingafter it comes from the mold is not .s.ufficient to entitle it to classification as statuary wrought by hand from metal, especially in view of the testimony of appellant's witness that there are bronze statues made from metal not by casting, but by beating. The amendment was inserted to accomplish a purpose, and its language is so plain and unambiguous that a construction which would eliminate it cannot be adopted. It manifestly excludes from the provisions of paragraph. 465 all metal statuary which is not wrought by hand from the metal, and statuary which is 'substantially made by casting is. not so wrought, although it may be afterwards surfacefinished by workman or artist. , . . The decIJion of the circuit court is affirmed.
LOWENTHAL et al. T. UNITED STATES.
(CIrcuit Court· of APpeals, .Second Circuit. January 8, 1896.)
No. 28. CVBTOM8 DUTIE8-AsTRACHAN rtRIMMINGB.
. The dress trirpmings provided for. In paragraph 398 of thetaritr act of October 1,1890, 'are not lin'lited to such as are wrought by hand or braided'. by 'machinery.. F6110wing .Rohertson v. Salcimon, 12 Sup. Ct. 752, 144 U. S. 603. that "astrachan trimmmgos," formed bj>iweavingJi((abric wit\l'l\lteJ::TIate astrlj,chap and, plain strips, which ls cut into single widths, and the plain portion turned underf!,nd stitched, are dutiable under said paragraph a98, andnot under paragrapq 302, as manufactures of animal haIr not specially provided for. 't)5' I!'ed. 420, affirmed., , , ,
This is an appeal from a decision of the circuit conrt, Southern of New York (65, 'Ft;d. 420),. llffirming. a decision of· the board of generl:ll appraisers" which sustained the classification for duty by the <:oHector of the,port of New York of ceI'tain merchand.ise imported by the appellants.. ' .4..lbert Comstock, for appellants. 'Jlls. T. Van Rensselaer, for the United States. Before WALLACE, LACOMBE, and SHIPMAN, Circuit Judges. LACOMBE, Circuit Judge. The articles in question are commercially known as "astrachan trimmings." They are composed chiefly of animal 'hair,' and belong to the class of articles known as "dress trimmings.":They are made by weaving, in the piece, a fabric with alternate astrachan and plain strips, which is then cut into single widths, and the plain portion turned under and stitched, generally
LOWENTHAL V. UJliITIW STATES.
693
by hand. The collector classified and assessed them for duty ulldel' paragraph 398 of the tariff act of October 1, 1890. This paragraph reads as follows: "398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, laces and embroideries, headnets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, any of the foregoing which are elastic or nonelastic, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, the duty shall be sixty cents per pound and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem."
The appellants contend that their goods should have been assessed for duty under paragraph 392 of the same act, which provides, among other things, for "all manufactures of every description made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, not specially provided for in this act," at various rates, according to the value of the merchandise: It is not disputed that the importations would fall within paragraph 392, unless they are specially provided for under paragraph 398. And the appellants insist that they are not covered by the last-named paragraph, because not "wrought by hand or braided by machinery"; contending that the mere cutting of the piece goods into strips, turning the plain portion under, and stitching it in place, do not make their dress trimmings articles "wrought by hand." It is unnecessary now todiscllsS this contention. It must first be determined whether paragraph 398 covers dress trimmings, generally, of wool, worsted, hair, etc., or only such dress trimmings of which those materials are components as. are wrought by hand or braided by machinery. In other words, the fundamental question in this case is whether the phrase, "wrought by hand or braided by machinery." following the long enumeration of articles mentioned in that section, qualifies each article therein enumerated. Such would appear to be the most natural and obvious construction of the sentence. Great Western Ry. Co. v. Swindon & C. E. Ry. Co., L. R. 9 App. Cas. 808. But such a construction of this paragraph seems no longer admissible, in view of the decision of the supreme court in Robertson v. Salomon, 144 U. S. 603, 12 Sup. Ct. 752. The earlier tariff act of 1883 was before the court in that case, but the particular paragraph construed was nearly identical with the one now in controversy; it read: "'Webbings, goring-s, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal· loons, fringes, gimps, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the' alpaca, goat or other animal, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat or other animals is a componl'nt material, thirty cents per pound and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem."
The articles in Robertson v. Salomon were elastic webbings composed of worsted and India rubber, known by the general trade name of "goring," and the circuit court held them to be dutiablp- as ;'fabrics in part of India rubber." The evidence showed that these
694
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 71.
"gorings" were not wrought by hand or braided by machinery, but were woven on a loom. The supreme court' reversed the circuit court, holding them dutiable under the paragraph above quoted, as such a conclusion was possible only upon a construction of the paragraph which did not carry back the words "wrought by hand or braided by machinery" as a qualification of the word "gorings," in the long enumeration of articles referred to. The position in the sentence of the words "dress trimmings," in the paragraph now under consideration, is not sufficiently variant bom that of the word "gorings," in the earlier paragraph,to call for any different application of the qualifying words, "wrought by hand," etc. Therefore the latter do not restrict the words "dress trim· mings" so that they will not cover the importations of appellants here, which are dress trimmings woven on a loom. The decision of the circuit court is affirmed. SHOELLKOPF, HARTFORD & MacLAGAN, Limited, v. UNITED STATES. (Circuit Court of Appeals. Second Circuit, No. 27. CUSTOMS DUTIES-CLASSIFICATION-PARAFFINE.
January 8, 1896.)
The clear olly liquid described in the German Pharmacopceia as "Parafinum Uq. Ph: G.," and consisting of a mixture of the higher fluid members of the paratline series of hydrocarbons, was entitled to free admission under paragraph 671 of the act of October I, 1890, as "paraffine," and was not dutiable under the designation. "Products or preparations known as alkalies * * *, distllled olls, * * * and all combinations of the foregoing," contained in paragraph 76.
Appeal from the Circuit Oourt of the United States for the Southern District of New York. This was an appeal by ShoelIkopf, Hartford, and MacLagan from a decision of the board of general appraisers sustaining the action of the collector of the port of New York in respect to the classification for duty of certain articles imported by the appellants. The circuit court affirmed the collector's decision, and the importers thereupon appealed to this court. Albert Comstock, for appellant. Jas. T. yan Rensselaer, for appellee. Before WALLACE, LACOMBE, and SHIPMAN, Circuit Judges. LACOMBE, Circuit Judge. The importation in this case was invoiced as "Parafinum Liq. Ph: G.," which the testimony in the case shows to be the Latin name of the article in the German Pharmacopreia. It is a mixture of the higher fluid members of the paraf· fine series of hydrocarbons; and is a clear, oily liquid obtained from petroleum, ozokerite, or some similar mineral substance. Hard paratfine (parafinnm durum), which is also sometimes known as "paraffine wax," is also a mixture of· the higher members of the paraffine series of hydrocarbons. Both the hard and the liquid forms