LANG V. BAXTER.
906
the general route of the line of the Northern Pacific branch line, and of the consequent segregation of those lands from the public lands by operation of law, but it was notice to the Oregon & California Railroad Company of the prior grant and the prior bestowal of these lands in aid of another road. But if it is conceded that the map of 1865 was ineffective to accomplish the withdrawal of lands, and that its rejection by the commissioner of the land office is a conclusive adjudication of its insufficiency, the map of 1870 was open to no such objection. Upon its receipt in the land office the withdrawal of lands was made upon the records. No reason is seen why the map of general route which is required by the act, even if filed after the date of the junior grant, does not, so far as the junior grant is concerned, serve to sufficiently identify the lands covered by the prior grant. It is true that, after filing the map of general route of 1870, the Northern Pacific Company still possessed the right to change the line whensoever it should make its definite location thereof, and that it was required by the act to file such map of definite location for the purpose of finally indicating the lands that were to be patented to it. But until such final map was filed the map of general route, whereby the withdrawal was in fact accomplished, served to sufficiently identify the' granted lands, notwithstandingthe reserved right to alter its location. In the absence of such map of final location, and until the same is filed, it is a reasonabh' presumption that the granted lands are those which have· been withdrawn in pursuance of the filing of the map of general route as required under the terms of the grant. In any view of the case, I find no warrant for holding that it WaR the intention of congress to grant these lands to the Oregon & California Railroad Company. A decree will be entered for the United States, as prayed for in the bill.
LANG et at v. BAXTER et al. (three cases). (Circuit Court, D. Maine. September 30, 1895.) Nos. 3, 4, and 5. PRACTICE-TRIAL BY COURT-ADDITIONAL FINDINGS.
Where a case has been tried by the court upon waiver of a jury, and the court has decided it, and made special findings covering the ultimate facts of the case, additional findings cannot afterwards be made upon the request of a party. Insurance Co. v. Boon, 95 U. S. 117, distinguished. ..
These three actions at law by Edward M. Lang and against Clinton L. Baxter and others to recover damages for aIleged infringement of patents. Upon trial by the court without a jury, judgment was rendered for 63 Fed. 827. tiffs now make an application to the court to make additionalftndings of fact. Denied. Price & Stewart and, George E. Bird, for plaintiffs. James A. Allen and Symonds, Snow.& Cook, for defendants.
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 69.
COLT,' Circuit Judge. Issues of fact in civil cases in any circuit court may be tried and determined by the court without the intervention ofa jury, by filing a stipulation in writing waiving a jury. "The finding of the court upon the facts, which may be either general or special, shall have the same effect as the verdict of a jury." When an issue of fact is tried and determined by the court without the intervention of a jury, "the rulings of the court in the progress of the trial of the cause, if excepted to at the time, and duly presented by a bill of exceptions, may be reviewed by the supreme court upon a writ of error or upon appeal; and when the finding is special the review may extend to the determination of the sufficiency of the facts found to support the judgment." Rev. St. §§ 649, 700. In these cases, which were heard together, a stipulation in writing, waiving a jury trial, was duly filed, and on August 4, 1894, the court rendered a decision, and directed that judgment be entered in each case in favor of the defendants, and judgments were entered accordingly. Finding of facts was made in each case by the court, and filed at the same time. On September 18, 1894, at the request of the plaintiffs, the judgments were vacated, and the plaintiffs were allowed 30 days from September 18, 1894, within which to present a bill of exceptions in each case, and the cases were continued until the next term. The plaintiffs then tendered the court a bill of exceptions in e8ch case, which were exceptions to the finding of facts and conch1sions of law made by the court. Subsequently, on October 23, 1894, these bills of exceptions were withdl'awn, and the present hearing was had upon the application of the plaintiffs requesting the court to make a further special: finding of facts and conclusions of law in each case. These are embodied in separate bills of exceptions. During the progress of the tl'ial no exceptions were taken by either party to the rulings of the court, and therefore there is nothing in these cases, strictly speaking, upon which to found a bill of exceptions. Under these circumstances, the only question before the appellate court is whether the facts set forth in the special finding of the court are sufflcient in law to support the judgment, and this may be reviewed on writ of error without any bill of exceptions. The supreme court, in Insurance Co. v. Boon, 95 U. S.117, 124, said: "The act of congress which authorizes trials by the court (13 Stat. 500; Rev. St. §§ 649, 7(0) has enacted that the finding of the court upon the facts, which may be elther.general or speclal, shall have the same effect as the verdict of a.jury; and that, when the finding is special, the review by the supreme court upon a writ of error may extend to the determination of the SUfficiency of the facts found to support the judgment. No bill of exceptions is required, or is necessarY,to bring upon the record the findings, whether general or special. They belong to the record as fully as do theyerdicts of a jury. If the finding be special, It takes the place of a special verdict; and, when judgment is entered upon it, no bill of exceptions is needed to bring the sufficiency of the finding up for review."
In Allen v, Bank, 120 U. S. 20, 1 Sup. Ct. 460, Mr. Justice Gray, speaking for the court (page 30, 120 U. S., and page 460, 7 Sup. Ct.), said: "When a jury 18 waived In writing, and' the case tried by the court, the court's finding of facts, general or special, has the same effect as the
907
verdict of a jury; and, although a bill of exceptions Is the only way of presenting rulings made In the progress of the trial, the question whether the facts set forth In a special finding of the court, which is equivalent to a special verdict, are sufficient in law to support the judgment, may be reviewed on writ of error without any bill of exceptions."
The finding of facts is strictly analogous to a special verdict, and must only state the ultimate facts of the case. In Raimond v. Terrebonne Parish, 132 U. S. 192, 10 Sup. Ct 57, the supreme court, by Mr.- Justice Gray (page 194, 132 U. S., and page 57,10 Sup. Ct.), said: "By the settled construction of the acts of congress defining the appellate jurisdiction of this court, either a statement of facts by the parties or a finding of facts by the circuit court Is strictly analogous to a special verdict, and must state the ultimate facts of the case, presenting questions of law only, and not be a recttal of evidence or of circumstances which may tend to prove the ultimate facts, or from which they may be Inferred."
Although the court has made a special finding of facts in these cases, the plaintiffs' counsel contends that it is within the discretion of the court at this stage of the proceedings to make an additional finding of facts, l1pon the authority of Insurance Co. v. Boon, supra. All that was decided in that case (Justices Clifford, Miller, and Field was that, where no finding of facts had been made, the court might supply the omission, or might, by an order at a subsequent term, correct the record by incorporating into it nunc pro tunc a special finding of the facts upon which the judgment had been rendered; and the power to make this correction was put upon the ground that courts always had jurisdiction over their own records to make them conform to what was actually done at the time. The court, on page 127, said: "In so holding we do not depart from anything we have ever decided respectIng the power of a court to mal;:e up a case, after the expiration of a term, for bills of exceptions not claimed at the trial. Tbis is not a case of that kind. It is the case of a correction of the record; not merely an allowance of exceptions never taken, and necessary to have been taken, to bring an Interlocutory ruling upon It."
In the finding of facts in these cases I have found what seems to me to be the ultimate facts. In Burr v. Des Moines Co., 1 Wall. 99, 102, the court said: "The statement of facts on which this court will Inquire if there is or Is not error In the application of the law to them Is a statement of the ultimate facts or propositions wbich the evidence Is intended to establish, and not the evidence on which those Ultimate facts are supposed to rest. The statement must be sufficient in itself, without inferences or comparisons or balancing of testimony, or weighing evidence, to justify the application of the legal principles which must determine the case."
The application to the court in these cases to make further find· ings of facts and conclusions of law must be denied, and judgment should be entered in each case for the defendants, and it is so ordered.
I'EDERAL REPORTER,
LOWENSTEIN v. EVANS et a1. (Circuit Court, D. South Carolina. 1.
October 9, 1895.)
MONOPOLIES AND TRUSTS-MONOPOLY BY STATE.
The act of July 2, 1890 (26 Stat. 209, c. 647), to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and mOllopoIies, is not applicable to the case of a state Which, by its laws, assumes an entire monopoly of the traffic in intoxicating liquors (Act S. C.Jan. 2, 18\)5). A state is neither a "person" nor a "corporation," within the meaning of the act of congress.
2. SAME-NEOESSARY PARTIES-JURISDIOTION OF FEDERAL COURTS. Where a person brings an action under section 7 of the anti-trust law of
July 2, 1890, against the officials of a state, to recover damages for acts done under authority of a state statute, which gives the state an entire monopoly of the traffic in intoxicating liquors (Act S. C. Jan. 2, 1895), the state itself is a necessary party thereto, and consequently the federal courts would have no jurisdiction of the action.
This was an action brought under the seventh section of the act of congress bf July 2, 1890, entitled "An act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies." The complaint was as follows: The complaint of the above-named plaintiff respectfully shows to this court: (l)That the plaintiff, Julius Lowenstein, is a citizen of the state of North Carolina, and is engaged in business in Statesville in said state, under the name and style of Lowenstein & Co. (2) That the defendants are each and all of them citizens of the state of South Carolina. (3) That the defendants .John Gary Evans, D. H. Tompkins, and James Norton, styling themselves a "State Board of Control," and the defendant Frank 111. Mixson, styling himself "State Commissioner." together with divers other persons, to the plaintiff unknown, prior to the time hereinafter mentioned, under the pretended authority of a certain act of the legislature of the state of South Carolina, entitled "An act to further deClare the law in reference to, and further regulate the use, sale, consumption, transportation and disposition of alcoholic liquids or liquors within the state of South Carolina, and to police the same," approved January 2, 1895, combined to monopolize a certain part of the trade and commerce among the states and foreign nations, to wit, the trade in alcoholic liqUids and liquors, inclUding whiskys, brandies, wines, ales, and beer, to prevent the purchase of such whiskys, brandies, wines, ales, and beer from citizens of other states and foreign nations, and to prevent the importation thereof into this state in restraint of the trade and commerce betweeJlo the states and foreign nations, and to discriminate against the products of other states and the citizens of other states, in favor of the products of. the state of South Carolina and the citizens of said state, which said legislative enactment the plaintiff is advised and therefore alleges is null and void, in this: that the same is in contravention of an act of congress entitled "An act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraint and .monopoly," approved July 2, A. D. 1890, in that the said legislative enactment undertakes to and does create a monopoly in the traffic in alcoholic liquors, and operates as a restraint upon the trade among the states and foreign nations in such traffic. (4) That the plaintiff now is, and was at thl! time hereinafter mentioned; engaged in the business of a manufacturer and wholesale dealer in spirituous liquors at Statesville, in the state of North Carolina, and in the prosecution and conduct of his said business, iUid, in the'exercise of the right to engage in interstate commerce, he had from time to time sold, shipped, and delivered whiskys and other liquors to persons residing in states, other than the state of North Carolina; that in pursuance of his said business, and in exercise of the rights conferred by and reserved in the constitution and laws of the United States, on the 27th day of A. D. 1895, he delivered one barrel of whisky, of the value of fifty-seven and