618
FEDERAL REFORTER,
vol. 61.
gence,and that, ifijley should:find the company had sustained the burden of showing that the hell was ringing as the engine approached and made the crossing, plaintiff could not recover, however negligent, in other respects, the bridge company might have been. The court. should also say to the jury that they must, if they :find that the bell was not rung, reduce the damages to be awarded the plaintiff by reason of his intestate's gross negligence,and 'that, if the jury should see fit, they may carry the reduction to the extent of making the damages merely nominal. In several cases, the supreme court of Tennessee have sustained verdicts in suits un(ler this statute, where contributory negligence was shown, in sums which were little more than nominal. Of course, if Nasop's death'was the result o-f his own willful act, which some of the eviden.ce tende(l to show, no recovery could be had, under the case of Railroad Co.v. Burke, 6 Cold. 45, already cited, and that question should also be left to the jury. Fo'r the reasons given, the judgment of the, court below is reverse(l as to the bridge company,and a new trial ordered against that defendant. As already stated, the judgment in favor of the Kansas City, Ft. Scott & Memphis Railroad Company is affirmed. ,
NORTON v. ATCHISON, T. & S. F. R. CO. (Circu1tCourt, S. D. California. May 7, 1894.) No. 570. SERVICE Oll'PnoCEss-FOREIGN RAIl,ROAD COMPANIES.
A foreign railroad, company which runs its trains over the tracks of other companies, forming with it a "system" or "route" into Cali· fornla, and there sollcits and obtains freight and passenger business through the general manager Of one of the subordinate companies and assistants, may be legally served by service upon him, as the "managing and business agent" in the state (Code Civ. Proc. Cal. § 411) of such foreigh company, although it has never directly designated him as its agent. " Stout v. Railroad Co., 8 Fed. 794, distinguished.
This '\Vas an action brought in the superior court of San Diego county,.pal., by C. V. Nortori, against the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe RailrQad Company, to recover the value of certain horses killed in course of transportation. Defendant removed the case to this court, and afterwards moved to quash the service of summons. Works & Works, for plaintiff. W. J .. Hunsaker, for defendant. ROSS, District Judge. This is a motion by the defendant, appearing specially for the purpose, to quash the service of summons. Defendantis a railroad corporation organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the state of Kansas. The plaintiff, a citizen of the state of California, and resi(lent of San Diego county, of that state, brought the action in the superior court of that county to recover the value of certain horses alleged to have been delivered by
NORTON ,. ATCHISON, T. " S. l/'. R. CO.
619
plaintiff to the defendant at Hiawatha, in the state of Kansas, to be transported by defendant to Escondido, in San Diego county, Cal., and which, it is alleged, were killed in transit by reason of negligence on the part of the defendant. The record shows that the summons issued in the action was first served on ''K. H. Wade, general man· ager of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R. Co., defendant named therein." The defendant having failed to appear in the action, its default was entered, and a judgment taken against it. Subsequent· ly, on defendant's motion, and upon evidence pro and con, the superi. or court set aside the judgment and default, and quashed the service of summons; and on appeal by the plaintiff to the supreme court of the state that action was affirmed. 97 Cal. 389, 30 Pac. 585, and 32 Pac. 452. Thereafter, the summons was served on K. H. Wade, as "managing and business agent of said defendant," a motion to quash which service, made on behalf of the defendant, b now for disposition; the case having, on defendant's motion, been transferred to this court. The motion is based on certain affidavits, the principal one of which is that of Mr. Wade; and, in resisting it, the plaintiff intro· duced certain documentary evidence, as also certain oral testimony. The defendant being a Kansas corporation, no jurisdiction over it in an action for damages can be obtained in this state, unless it has some representative here upon whom process may be legally served. It is not claimed that the defendant has complied with the provisions of the act of the state of California entitled "An act in relation to foreign corporations," approved April 1, 1872 (St. 1871-72, 826), by the first section of which it is provided that every corporation theretofore created by the laws of any other state, and doing business in this state, shall, within 120 days after the passage of the act, and any corporation thereafter created and doing business in this state shall, within 60 days from the time of commencing to do business in this state, designate some person residing in the county in which the principal place of business of the corporation in this state is, upon whom process issued by authority or under any law of the state may be served, and within the time aforesaid shall file such designation in the office of the secretary of state, upon whom it shall be lawful to serve any process issued as aforesaid. The second section of that act prescribes, as the penalty for failure to make the designation required, a denial of the benefit of the statutes of California limiting the time for the commencement of civil actions; and its third section declares that every corporation created by the laws of any other state, which shall comply with the provisions of its first section, shall be entitled to the benefit of the statutes of California limiting the time for the commencement of civil actions. By section 411 of the Code of Civil Procedure of Cali· fornia it is provided that summons must be served by delivering a copy thereof as follows:
..* * * (2) 11' the suit Is against a foreign corporation, or a non-resident joint stock cnmpanyor association doing business and having a managing or business agent, caf<hler, or secretary within this state: to such agent, cashier or secreta,ry * * .,"
I}20)
FEDERAL REPORTER',
.vol. 61.
On the· part of the plaintiff, it is contended that Mr. Wade is the "Illa-naging and businel!ls agent of the defendant" in this state. If so, the service in question is obviously valid. Corporations necessarily act through agents, and, if the defendant does business in this state at all, it necessarily does it through some agent or agents; Of course, if the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad COIllpany does not do any business in California, there is an end to the., question, and the motion to quash the summons must be granted. But the evidence submitted on the motion shows, what is also a matter of common knowledge; that that company does a large passenger and freight traffic in southern California. One of the ad; vertiaing folders that was shown by the witness Hines to have been issued by the defendant company expressly declares: line of the Santa Fe is composed of the following roauO': Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, Chicago to Albuquerque; Atlantic & PaclflcRailroad, Albuquerque to Barstow and Mojave; and Southern Califorl1ilt'Railway, Barstow to destination. Connection's made at Mojave with SOlltbet-il' 'Pacific Company forSan Francisco; and the St. Louis & San FranelSCG ltal1way, St. Louis to Burrton. forms the connecting link from St. Lonis. All,oCtlle .above, except theSontbern Pacific Company, belong to what is knowri as the 'Santa Fe System.' ..
in other folders and advertisements introduced in evidence, the defendant solicits business for the Santa Fe Route, which ' as, the defendant itself states, the Southern California Railway Company, whose road extends from Barstow to various southern California points. including 1.013 Angeles and San Diego. Of this last-mentioned road, the evidence shows, Mr. Wade is the generalmanager, and Mr. Thompson and Mr. Hines the general passenger and freight agent"" respectively. It is undoubtedly true that none of them are officers of the defendant Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company; but whether they can be legally and justl)" regarded as agents of that company is to be determined by all the facts and circumstances of the case, and not by the mere fact that none of them have been named as such agent. Both the testimony of Mr. Hines and the affidavit of Mr. Wade corroborate the public declarations of the defendant company that what is known as the "Santa Fe System" or is composed, together with its connections,.of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, extending from Chicago to Albuquerque; the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, extending from Albuquerque to Barstow and Mojave; and the Southern C;J.lifornia Railway, extending from Barstow to various southern California points. In the folder issued by the defendant cOIllpany in;Wovember, 1893, and introduced in evidence, in which the defendant soli.;:its business for the "Santa Fe Route," it announces as follows: "The greatest railroad in the world. 9,346 miles of tra(lk. The only railroad with its owh tracks between Chicago, St. Louis, and California." The testimony is that the 9,346 miles of track which the defendant advertises as "its own tracks" include the tracks of the Southern California :Railway Company, of which company, the evidence shows, the president of the defendant company is also president. The evi-
NORTON· ,. ATCHISON, T.&: S. F. R. CO.
62L
dence further shows that the defendant sends its own trains through from Ohicago to southern California points, in charge of its own employes, along the lines of road of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Oompany, Atlantic & Pacific Oompany, and the Southern Oalifornia Railway Oompany, and over the same route through trains are sent from southern Oalifornia points to Ohicago. It shows, further, than the general passenger and freight agents of the Southern Oalifornia Railway Oompany, together with their assistants, subject to the supervision and control of Mr. Wade, solicit and handle the traffic for the Santa Fe Route in southern Oalifornia; and, as that route undeniably includes the defendant company, it seems to me little less than absurd to say that defendant does not do business in southern Oalifornia. And, if it does transact businesi" here, how else does it conduct it than through those agents who solicit and handle the traffic, all of whom, according to the testimoYlr of Mr. Hines, are subject to the management of Mr. Wade? In view of these facts and circumstances, it seems to me very clear that the latter is the managing agent of the defendant's business in this state, and must be so regarded by the court, notwithstallding the fact that he is not so named, and notwithstanding the further fact that the companies composing the Santa Fe Route are separate and distinct corporations, keeping separate and distinct books of accounts. Nothing was decided by the supreme court of Oalifornia, on the appeal hereinbefore alluded to, in conflict with these views. That tribunal, in its decision, adhered to its long-established rule that, on a question of fact, it would not interfere with the decision of the trial court, where the evidence is substantially conflicting. It did add that, as there presented, "a clear preponderance of the. evidence seems to sustain the decision" of the lower court. But, on the hearing of the motion pending here, material testimony was given which did not there appear. It hardly need be said that in respect to a matter of fact a decision based upon one state of facts has no application where the facts are different. The case of Stout v. Railroad 00., 8 Fed. 794, relied on by the defendant, is not in point. That case turned upon the statute of :K ebraska, where the case arose, which provided that foreign railroad corporations should, by extending their lines of railroad into that state, and by filing copies of their articles of incorporation with the secretary of state, become domestic corporations, with all the powers and franchises of other state corporations. The Sioux Oity & Pacific Railroad Oompany, which was an Iowa corporation, extended its line of road into Nebraska, under that statute, and filed a copy of its articles of incorporation with the secretary of state of Nebraska. The court held that it thereby became a Nebraska corporation, in respect to all of its transactions within that state, notwithstanding the fact that the whole line was under one management, that the principal offices were in Iowa, and that the station agent upon whom process was served made his reports to the general office in Iowa. "This the legislature of Nebraska," said the court, "is presumed to have known when it enacted the statute declaring that if an Iowa railroad company extends its line
; J'El)ERAL RlllPORTER,
into this state, andflles· its articles of incorporation, it 'shall be a legal corporation of the state.' Act Feb. 14, 1873 (Gen. St. 206)." The plain effect of this statute, continlied the court, "is to constitute the'Si()q1 City & Pacific Railroad Company, at least for jurisdictional purposes, a Nebraska corporation, in respect to all its transactions. within this state, and the agents of the company conducting its business in Nebraska are ,the agents of the Nebraska corporation; otherwise, the statute could have no effect whatever. If the officers and agents of this corporation engaged in the transaction of its business in Nebraska are to be regarded as the, officers and agents of the Iowa corporation, it follows that the statute has made it a Nebraska corporation in name only, and not in fact." The court further said in that case that "it is pot impossible that the Iowa corporation might have kept an office and agent in Nebraska at the time thiwsuit was commenced; but, upon the proofs adduced upon this hearing, I conclude that the person served was an agent of the Nebraska corporation, and not of the Iowa corporation. At all events, .it has not shown that he was the agent of the Iowa cQrporation, in such a sense that service upon him in Nebraska would be a sufficient service upon that company." There is nothing in that case in any way inconsistent with the ruling in the present case. Moti<ln to quash the service of summons denied. LILLIENTHAL v. SOUTHERN CAL. RY. CO. (Circuit Court, S. D. California. April 23, 1894.) No. 295. 1. C09'l'S-WITNESS FEES AND MILEAGE-VOLUNTARY ATTENDANCE.
Fees and mileage of witnesses who attend voluntarily, without subpoena, whether coming from without or within the district, are not taxable under Rev. St. § 848. Haines v. McLaughlin, 12 Sawy. 126, 29 Fed. 70, followed.
2. SAME.
The right of taxation under such circumstances is. not given by the act of August 3, 1892, which merely provides a special rule in respect to mileage in certain western states and territories. The expense of maps necessarily introduced at the trial is taxable.
3. SAME-:M:APSUSED AT TRIAl,.
This was an action by Jesse W. Lillienthal against the Southern California Railway Company. Judgment was rendered for plaintiff, and defendant now appeals from the clerk's taxation of costs in respect to the fees and mileage of certain witnesses, who attended without subpoena. Graves, O'Melveny & Shankland and Rothchild & Ach, for plaintiff. W. J. Hunsaker and O. N. Sterry, for defendant. ROSS, District Judge. This was an action at law in which the plaintiff recovered judgment, after which a memorandum of costs and disbursements was filed on his 1:>ehalf, embracing, among other