UNITED STATES V. DUNBAR.
75
lows: "Dandelion root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as coffee, or as substitutes for coffee, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-half cents per pound." The board of general appraisers sustained the action of the collector. New testimony was taken, the circuit court reversed the decision of the board of appraisers, and thereupon the United States appealed to this court. The board of general appraisers found that the article was a prep- · aration of which chicory is the chief component part in quantity and value, invoiced as "chicory," and known, commercially, either as "coffee extract," "Seelig's coffee," and "chicory;" that it is probably true that it is a substitute for coffee, and that it is chicory, ground, granulated, or otherwise prepared. The testimony upon which the board relied is not contained in the record. The additional testimony which was taken shows that their finding was erroneous in some particulars. The merchandise is a well-known article, composed of chicory or chicory root, (which are commercially convertible terms,) beet root, olive oil, and syrup. It is manufactured in Germany by grinding these ingredients together, and, when imported, is in the form of rolls or cylindrical sticks, each of which is inclosed in a wrapper, upon which the following directions are printed: "Use one part of this preparation to two or three parts of coffee. Pour boiling water over the mixture. Let it draw five minutes, and strain." Chicory is about 68 per cent. of the weight, and about 44 per cent. of the value, of the compound article. It, like at least two other similar compounds made by other manufacturers, is used to some extent to flavor coffee, and more largely, both in Germany and in this country, to mix with coffee, or as a substitute for coffee, for purposes of economy. It is sold for about six cents per pound. Chicory is also used by dealers, as an adulterant, to mix with ground coffee, and by consumers to mix with, or as a substitute for, coffee. Seelig's coffee is not known commercially as "chicory." Upon .the foregoing facts, this manufactured article of divers ingredients, which contains only 44 per cent., in value, of chicory, and is not known commercially as "chicory," cannot be properly classified as that article, if it also is enumerated under the provisions of another paragraph which aptly describes its use and the purpose for which it is manufactured. The article has a distinctive place of its own; it is not merely chicory presented under another and more attractive name, but it is a distinct compound, which possesses its own peculiarities. The classification which was specified in the protest was the proper one, and the decision of the circuit court is. affirmed.
UNITED STATES v. DUNBAR.
(District Court, D. Oregon. 1.
February 8, 1894.)
Nos. 3,420 and 3,580. CUSTOMS DUTIES-SMUGGLING-INDICTMENT.
An Indictment for smuggling under Rf'v. St. § 2865, alleged. substantially in the words of the statute, that the defendant "smuggled and
76
FEDERAL REPORi'ER,
vol. 60.
clan4estlnely introdu.ced Into the United States opiu.I!l subject to a certain duty', which should have been invoiced, without paying or accounting for such duty', and without having such opium invoiced." 'Held, that the indictment is sufficient without alleging that defendant knew that the duty Qn th.e smuggled.opiumhad not been paid. 2.
On, such indictment, telegrams received by the prosecuting witness, and purporting to have been addressed to him by defendant, were admitted hi evidence as corroboration of the testimony of such witness as to verbal admissions made by defendant. 'Held, that these telegrams were as admissions; and the principle that the original telegrams are ti).e only competent evidence of their wntents does not apply.
At Law. On motion for new trial. This' was an indictment against William Dunbar for smuggling, in violation of Rev. St· §§ 2865, 3082, which provide substantially as Jollows:
'''Sec. 2865. If any person shall knowingly and wilfully, with intent to defraud tlle revenue of the United States, smuggle, or clandestinely introduce, into the U:n.itedStates,any goods. wares, or merchandise, 'subject to duty by law, all,d which have been invoiced,without paying or accounting for the duty, pr shall make out or pass, or, atteI!lIlt to pass through the custom house any fal$e, forged or fraudulent invQice, every such person, his, her, or theiraiders Rnd abettors, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be fined in anY' sttm not exceeding five thousand d,QIlars. or, iIllprisonment ,for any term not exceeding two years, or both, at the d.iscretion of the court." , "Sec.. 8082.. ' If any person shall fraudulently or knowingly bring into the United States, or assist in so doing, any merchandise, contrary to law, or shall receive, conceal, buy or sell, ·or in any manner facilitate the transporor sale of such merchandise after importation, knowtation, ing the same,:to have been imported contrary to law, such merchandise shall be forfeited and the offender shall be fined in any sum not exceeding five thousand dollars nor less than fifty' dollars, or be imprisoned for any time not exceeding two years or both." The defendant, being found guilty, moves for a new trial. tion denied, Daniel R.Murphy, for the United States. Alfred F. Sears,' Jr., for defendant Mo-
BELLINGER, District Judge. A motion for a new trial is made in this case upon the following. grounds: Insufficiency of the indictment, except as to the ninth count, in not alleging knowledge on the ijefendant's part that the duty due on the smuggled had not been paid; error in admitting in evidence certain purporting to ,have been sent by the defendant from San Francisco to nIum, the prosecuting witness, at Portland, in' this state, and absence of any evidence tending to show that the defendant knew that the opium, of which he is charged in the ninth count with having facilitated the transportation, had been illegally imported into the United States. ," In the case of U. S. v. Carll, 105'0. S. 612, it is held that in an indiotment upon a statute it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended
77
to be punished. The several counts of the indictment in this case, in which the defendant is charged with smuggling, allege that the defendant smuggled and clandestinely introduced into .the United States- opium subject to a duty of $12 per pound, which should have been invoiced, without paying or accounting for such duty, and without having such opium invoiced. This contains all the elements of the crime of smuggling. The cases of U. S. v. Slenker, 32 Fed. 691, and U. S. v. Chase, 27 Fed. 807, cited in support of this motion, are cases involving violations of the postal laws by depositing obscene matter in the mails. The indictments charged the defendants with having knowdeposited in the mails certain obscene papers. This was held insufficient. A person may knowingly deposit a letter or paper in the mails without knowledge of its obscene character. The averments of such an indictment may therefore be true, and yet the defendant be innocent. These cases do not apply to the case to be decided. The word "smuggle" has an accepted bad meaning. It conveys the idea of a secret introduction of goods with an intent to avoid payment of duty. U. S. v.Claflin, 13 Blatchf. 184, Fed. Cas. No. 14,798. The indictment charges that the defendant smuggled and clandestinely introduced the opium in question into the United States without paying or accounting for the duty required by law, and without having such opium invoiced. These allegrutions are inconsistent with an innocent bringing of these goods into the country. The defendant was reqUired to pay the duty. If he clandesti:t;lely, and with intent to defraud the revenues, brought these goods here without invoicing them or paying such duty, he is guilty of a crime. It is not necessary to .allege that he had knowledge of his own act. The obligation was upon him to pay the duty. The fact that he did not pay such duty could not be unknown to him. The two dispatches claimed to have been sent from San Francisco to the defendant by Blum were admitted in evidence for the reason thaJt Blum testified to conversations with the defendant, upon the latter's return to Portland, concerning these dispatches, and that the latter "confirmed" them. The tendency of this testimony was to establish the authenticity of these dispatches by the admission of the defendant. The objection is urged by the defendant's attorney that such admissions cannot be allowed, bethe law has made the original telegrams the only evidence admissible as to their contents. And as to this the case of Canal Co. v. Hathaway,11 N. Y. Com. Law, 495, is cited. The doctrine of that case is that where documentary evidence is made indispensable, unless its ,absence ;is legally accounted for, to prove a fact, the admission of a party will not suffice to dispense with the production of such document. In this case the telegrams in question have no other effect than as admissions by the dl[fendant tending to establish the charge against him. It is not a question of dispensing with solemn documentary testimony, but merely one of statements, having the effect of admissions, of a party made in a writing, the genuineness .of which has been admitted by the party against whom it is offered.
, l
78
:aEPORTER,vo1.60.
The .fll,ct of the writing tWds nothing. " The stfLtements would have been just as effective as evidence had they been made orally. The defeli(lljlnt'sadmissions as .t9 the dispatches entitled them to be reevidence. Whilden v. Bank, 38 Am. 4. There is evidence" going to show, that the opium mentioned in the ninth count out of a stock tpat had accumulated in Berg's house, and that this stock of opium had been smuggled into the country at different times with the defendant's assistance or connivance. The motion' is 'denied. FIRST NAT. BA.NK OF BLAINE v. BLAKE. (Circuit Court, D. Oregon. No.
February 19, 1894.)
1,976.
NEGOTIABLE lNSTRUMENTS-BoNA FIDE PURCHASERS-NoTICE.
Defen(Jant ,executed promissory note to C" ,and delivered it upon condition that' it was to be surrendered to him upon C.'s failure to perform stipulated acts. C. immediately transferred this note by indorsement'. tOll bank of which,' he ,was presidl'nt and generai manager. iJIela that, as Q. himll!'llfwB,s the Iilole representative of the bank in the transfer of thenote.to it, the banlt Is chargeable with his knowledge of the condition to which it was SUbject, and so cannot sue on the note until that condition is performed. ;
. ' At LaWi!, On demurrer to answer. Action. by the First National Bank of. Blaine against J. W. Blake. Demurrer overruled· Harrison G.Platt, for plaintiff. FranklillP. Mays, for defendant.
.
;BELLINGER; District Judge. The complaint alleges that on April 18, 1890; the defendant made and delivered his promissory note to N. A., CornIsh, whereby he promised to pay, on April 2, 1892, after date, to the order of Cornish $3,419.50 with interest. This note was indorsed and transferred by Cornish to the plaintiff before maWrity, and the plaintiff is alleged to be the owner and holderofit for value. The anSwer alleges that the note was executed and delivered on the 2dday of April,' 1891, alid was in consideration of a contract entered into at thesan1e time between thedefendant on the one part and Cornish and others of the other part, by the terms of which it was agreed, in effect, that if Cornish and those associated with him in his contract with the defendant, tailed to protect certain real estate, which was a subject of speculation between the parties, (and on account of which the defendant had paid such parties $3,419.50, and gave the nO'te in question for a further like sum,) from' the lien of a certain mortgage, thereby forfeiting the title and interest of Cornish and the other parties of the one part in said contract to such real estate, the promissory note in question should be surrendered up to the defendant. It is alleged that the note and contract were parts of'one transaction; that Cornish. and hisasS<lciates failed in their agreement as to the land in question, in :c?nsequence of which the defendant lost