MARINE
v.
GEORGE E. BARTOL '" CO.
601
lish this proposition beyond question. Hartranft v. Wiegmann, 121 U. S. 616, 7 Sup. Ct. 1240; Seeberger v. Farwell, 139 U. S. 611, 11 Sup. Ct. 650; Magone v. Luckemeyer, 139 U. S. 612, 11 Sup. Ot. 651; U. S. v. Schoverling, 146 U. S. 81, 13 Sup. Ct. 24; Merritt v. Welsh, 104 U. S. 694. Even if the avoidance of the payment of duty were the only reason for ordering the concentrated juice, it would not affect the case. But it is apparent upon a moment's consideration that, by concentrating at the rate of five gallons into one, they save four-fifths of the expense of casks or barrels, and four-fifths of the freight or cost of carriage. The presumption that the condensation was simply and only to avoid the payment of duty is not warranted. The only remedy for it is by so amending the tariff as to ratably incre'dse the duty on the condensed article. The decision of the general appraisers is approved, and will be confirmed.
MARINE, Collector, v. GEORGE E. BARTOL & CO., Limited. (Circuit Court, D. Maryland. March 14, 1894.) CUSTOMS DUTIES-CLASSIFICATION-SULPHATE OF AMMONIA-MANURES.
Sulphate of ammonia, though made exclusively from bone, is dutiable as such at half a cent per pound, under para/,'l'aph 10 of the tariff' act of October 1, 1890, and cannot be admitted free of duty, under paragraph 600, as a substance "expressly used for manure," even when imported and actually used for the manufacture of fertilizers. Magone v. Heller, 14 Sup. Ct. 18, 150 U. S. 70, followed.
This was an appeal by William M. Marine, collector of the port of BaltJimore, from a decision of the board of general appraisers classifying for duty 470 bags of sulphate of ammonia imported by George E. Bartol & Co., Limited. John T. Ensor, U. S. Dist. Atty. Robert H. Smith, for Bartol and others. MORRIS, District Judge. The importation in this case consisted of 470 bags of sulphate of ammonia, manufactured in England, exclusively from bone, and the question is whether it should be classified under paragraph 10, as "sulphate of ammonia," at a duty of one-half a cent per pound, or should be admitted free of duty, under paragraph 600, which admits "guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure." It is proved that the article was imported. for the purpose of being sold to manufacturers of fertilizers, and was before arrival actually sold to one, and was in fact afterwards used for that purpose, and, in combination with other substances, was manufactured into a fertilizer. It is also proved that the suhstance is known in commerce as "sulphate of ammonia," and that sulphate of ammonia is a commercial article, large quantities of which are used for making aqua ammonia, anhydrous ammonia, alum, nitrate of ammonia, and many ammoniacal compounds, as well as in making ammoniated fertilizers; much the larger quantity being used, not for fertilizers, but in the arts.
602
J'EDEaiL REPORTER, vol. 60.
It is shown that there.1I a small difference in price between the sulphate of ammonia produced from bone and that produced from gas liquor, and that the difference arises principally from the lower of pure ammonia usually found in' the bone prod· uct, 8Jl.d also, somewhat, from an objectionable odor which the bone product retains, particularly if not carefully prepared. It thus happens that manufacturers of fertilizers, in whose goods the odor is not objected to,. generally buy the bone sulphate, because it is somewhat cheaper, and the manufacturers of other preparations requiril)g ammonia buy the gas-liquor sulphate,because it is usually richer in, ammonia, and free from bone smell. But this is by no meanslnvariably the case. It is proved that there is manufactured in this countr,Y large quantities of bone sulphateof ammonia. so rich in ammohia and free· from smell that it is largely used in all the arts, and hardly at all for fertilizers. It was testified by a witness connected with the business of one . of the very largest manufacturing chemists in this country that they sulphate of ammonia made from bone and made from gas liquor without discrimination, provided they are well made, and do not fall below the standard· of 25 per cent. of ammonia, and that they. were then actually using bone sulphate of ammonia in manufacturing alum when the witness was testifying. It is also proved that this particular importation was of a very high grade, containing 25.4 per cent. of ammonia (25 per cent. being the standard), and when examined by the experts was declared free from smell of bone. ' There is no question that. the article imported was commercial sulphate of ammonia suitable for profitable use for any ordinary uses, such as the manufacture of aqua ammonia, anhydrous ammonia, nitrate of ammonia, or alutn. It depended only upon a slight difference in price, or the demands of the market, whether it should be used for one of those purposes, or for producing ammoniated ferti· lizers. The ruling of the supreme court in Magone v. Heller, 150 U. S. 70, 14 Sup. Ct. 18, is that, if the only common use of a substance is to manufacture it into manures, the fact that occasionally, or by way of experiment, it is used for a different purpose, will not take it out of the exemption; but if it is common!y, practically, or profitably used for a different purpose, it cannot be considered as "expressly used for manure," even if, in a majority of instances, it is so used. The words "expressly used for manure, " are thus construed to mean substances, the only use of which is for making manures. In the case in hand, we have a substance widely known in commerce, used for a great many different purposes; and whether it is ultimately used for one or the other depends merely on slight differences of price or quality, and upon the judgment of the buyer. The decision of the board of general appraisers was given before the decision of the supreme court in Magone v. Heller; and the appraisers were con· trolled by circuit court decisions, which held that, if the substance was proved to have been actually imported and used for manufacturing fertilizers, the words "expressly used for manure" were gratitied, and the substance must be admitted free, and they felt con·
NATIONAL CASH-REGISTER
co. V. LAMSON
CONSOLo STORE-SERVICE
co. 603
strained to decide favorably to the importer. But, under the construction of the law established by the supreme court, their decision must be reversed. The substance must pay duty as sulphate of am· monia, as it is not a substance "expressly used for manure."'
NATIONAL OASH-REGISTER CO. et at. T. LAMSON CONSOLIDATED STORE-SERVICE CO.
(Circuit Court, D. New Jersey. February 9, 1.894.) L PATENTB-INTERFERENCE-PRIORITY-CASH REGISTERS.
Charles A. Juengst Invented an Improvement In cash registers, consistIng In the combination with the registering keys of a key coupler adapted to couple the displaced keys together during their registering motion, and an arrester for compelling the displaced keys to make a complete stroke before returning to their normal position. In 1886, Juengst constructed and operated, with entire practical success, a machine embodying the Improvements. This machine, however, lacked a casing and cash drawer, and was never brought to a finished state, 80 as to befit for use as a cash register In ordinary business. Held, that the machine contained the Inventions in a completed form, and amounted to a reduction thereof to practice. The Juengst patent, No. 499,294, for an Improvement In cash registers and Indicators, hel4 to be entitled to priority over the earlier patents to Lord and Boyer, numbered, respectively, 398,898 and 416,029.
I.
SAME.
This is a suit brought under :Rev. St. § 4918, by the National Caah-Register Company and Charles Edgar Lord, against the Lamson Consolidated Store-Service Company, in respect to certain interfering patents for improvements in cash registers and indicators. Edward Rector and Melville Church, for complainants. Gilman & Rusk, M. B. Philipp, and Keasbey & Sons, for defendant. ACHESON, Circmt Judge. This suit is brought under section 4918 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to interfering patents. The plaintiffs are the owners of two letters patent, namely, No. 398,898, dated March 5, 1889, granted to Charles Edgar Lord on an application filed October 11, 1888, and No. 416,029, dated November 26, 1889, granted to Israel Donald Boyer on an application filed July 8, 1889. The defendant is the owner of letters patent No. 499,294, dated June 13,1893, granted to Charles A. Juengst on an application filed September 24, 1890. The inventions in controversy relate to, and are improvements in, machines known as "cash registers and indicators," and consist in the combination with the registering keys of such a machine of a key coupler adapted to couple the displaced keys together during their registering motion, and an arrester for compelling the displaced keys to make a complete stroke before returning to their normal position. The improvements are capable of conjoint use, and are covered, on one hand, by the Lord and Boyer patents, and on the other by the Juengst patent. In the patent office there were Interference proceedings between Juengst and Lord, and between