ANGLIN 'II. TEXAS &I PAC. RY. CO.
553
And in that case, giving the same definition of a cross bill as is given by Daniell, the supreme court, as a corollary, thereupon approve the saying of Lord Hardwicke, quoted in Field v. Schieffelin, 7 Johns. Oh. 252, "that both the original and cross bill consti· tuted but one suit, so intimately are they connected with each other." A sovereign state cannot be forced into court against her consent; but a cross bill presupposes that the plaintiff is already in court rightfully, and when the state comes into court of her own accord, and invokes its aid, "she is, of course, bound by all the rules established for the administration of justice between individuals." State v. Pacific Guano Co., 22 S. C. 74. Of course, she is only bound quoad the matter submitted by her in her suit. Louisiana v. Jumel, 107 U.S. 728,2 Sup. Ct. 128. If this cross bill, onexamina· tion, be found to relate to any other matter than that contained in the original bill; if it seeks to inject new and foreign matter in the suit; if we find it abandons the proper office of defense, and seeks original and independent relief,-it is an improper cross bill, and is demurrable. We have not reached this point. The only question now before 'Us is, can the state be called to make defense to a cross bill filed in a suit instituted by herself? As by her own volition she is already in court, and as the cross bill is but a part of the defense to her suit, ancillary to and dependent upon it, we hold that she has by her own act subjected herself to all the rules established for the administration of justice between individuals, and must make her defense to this cross bill. The mode of service adopted in this case by substitution is approved. The attorney general is the representative of the state in all matters involving her rights in a court of justice. ANGLIN v. TEXAS & PAC. RY. CO. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. January 23, 1894.) No. 200. MASTER AND !:lERVANT-RISKS OF EMPI,OYMENT-TRIAI,-DI:RECTING VERDICT.
Plaintiff', who was an old, experienced railroad man, in defendant's service, was directed to assist in moving a "dead" engine in the company's yard, and while so doing was injured, by being caught between that engine and another one that was standing- on an adjoining track. The work was done in open day. Plaintiff' could see both engines, and judge of the distance between them, and he was not directed to take any par· ticular position in working. that the evidence justified a peremptory verdict for the defendant, since the danger was one incident to the service.
In error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of Texas. Action by John G. Anglin against the Texas & Pacific Railway Company. The court directed the jury to find for the defendant, and judgment was rendered accordingly. Plaintiff brings error. E. W. Tempel, for plaintiff in error. T. J.Freeman, for defendant in el·ror.
554
FEDERAL ,REPORTER,
vol. 60.
Before Mc(lOBMIOK, Circuit Judge, and LQCKE alid 'I:OULMIN, District Judges. TOULMIN, District Judge. On the assignment of errors in this case, the only question to be considered is whether it was proper for the trial court to instruct the jury to find for the defendant, or whether the ease should have been left to the jury. It is well settled by the decisions of the United States supreme court that "a case should Dot be withdrawn from the jury unless the conclusion follows, as a matter of law, that no recovery can be had, upon any view which can be properly taken of, the facts the evidence tends to establish." Railway Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 593, 12 Sup. Ot. 905; Gardner v. Railroad C6., 14 Sup. Ct. 140. And it is equally well settled that, where the undisputed facts of a case are such that all reasonable men must. draw thesa;me conclusion from them, the trial court is· justified in the case from the jury. Are the undisputed facts in this case such that the court below was justified in withdrawing the case from the jury? Are they such that all reasonable men must draw the conclusion that the plaintiff assumed and exposed himself to obvious risks and dangers in the work in which he was engaged at the' time he" was injured? The general rule is that one: who engages in an employment of a hazardous nature assumes the risks and dangers incident thereto; but increased risks and dangers, caused by negligence oli the part of the employer, are not deemed to be incident to the business, within the meaning of the rule. A duty rests upon the employer :which requires him to exercise due care on his part that no risks and hazards to those in his employ shall be unnecessarily increased. When he performs this duty, in view of the particular employment, then the risks and dangers pertaining thereto are assumed by the employe. Gardner v. Railroad Co., supra. The facts of thiscasa are, in substance: That the plaintiff was in the employ of the defendant as day watchman at defendant's roundhouse. His principal duty was to watch the premises, but was to obey all orders given him by the foreman, whatever they might be, in regard to any work about the premises. That it was customary, and the duty of all employes, when ordered to do so, to assist in moving "dead" engines into the roundhouse for repairs, and that plaintiff was called out by the foreman to assist in such work on the occasion of his unfortunate injury. A dead engine is described as one without steam, or power to move itself. Plaintiff was injured while assisting in moving a dead engine onto a turntable for the purpose of placing it· in the roundhouse for repairs. Certain tracks of defendant's railway converged to the turntable, or diverged therefrom. Over one of these convergent tracks, plaintiff was ordered to assist in pushing said dead engine onto the turnA short while before this, another engine of the defendant had been removed from the turntable onto one of the tracks, to allow room for the dead engine to get onto the turntable, and was left standing a few feet therefrom. While engaged in pushing the dead engine, the plaintiff was caught between it and
M'GRATH 11. TEXAS & P. RY.CQ.
555
the stationary engine referred to, and was severrely injured. Plaintiff was an old, experienced railroad man, and was perfectly familiar with the movements of engines, and had frequently aBSisted in moving engines in the same manner as this one was being moved. The wOI'k in which he was assisting was done in broad, open daylight. position of each engine was seen by him before he commenced, and he had equal opportunities of knowing, with the others, whatever danger there might be incident to the work. In his testimony he says: "A. I went down in front of the two engines, or at least in front, and between the two engines. I could see both engines as I approached them, and their location." He was not directed or commanded to work at any particular place at the engine, and the position taken by him was of his own choice, and with the full knowledge of the fact that said engine, as it would be moved forward, would come closer to the one standing on the other track. There were some 30 or 40 men engaged in the work. The general foreman and the roundhouse foreman were both present when the first engine was removed from the turntable to make room for the dead engine, and the proof shows that they and others who assisted in its removal believed there was sufficient space for the dead engine to pass without any difficulty. The plaintiff himself said be thought there was plenty of room to get between the two bumper beams of the two engines, but that, in the hurry and excitement of the occasion, he was "considerably confused," and that before he knew it he was made fast, and could not extricate himself. Indeed, the evidence tended to show that by the use of due care the plaintiff could have escaped all danger. We think it is clearly to be deduced from the evidence that, whatever may have been the risks incident to the work, they were patent and obvious and were assumed by the plaintiff. Kohn v. McNulta, 147 U. S. 238, 13 Sup. Ct. 298, and authorities therein cited; Railway Co. v. Minnick (decided by this court at last term) 57 Fed. 362.1 On the facts of the case, the injury to the plaintiff was not caused by any negligence of the general foreman, or of the foreman of the roundhouse. Weare therefore of opinion that it was proper to direct a verdict for the defendant. The judgment is affirmed. McGRATH v. TEXAS & P. RY. CO. (Circuit Court ot Appeals, Fifth Circuit. January 23, 1894.) No. 181.
L
MASTER AND SERVANT-RrSKS OF EMPLOYMENT-RAILROAD BRIDGE.
A railroad employll, who, when engaged In removing a wrecked tratp. goes upon a bridge which Is obviously a new and temporary structure, the detects ot which are patent, assumes the risk arising from such defects. -
2.
SAME-NEGI,IGENCE OF FEI,LOW SERVANT-"\VRECK MASTER.
A railroad employli, who is one of a gang of men employed to remove a wreck, cannot recover from the company tor Injuries caused by the
16 C. C. A. 887.