200
FEDERAL REPORTER.
vol. 59.
THE ROBERT HOLLAND and PARANA:. POPPE et al. v. BIGELOW., (District Court, E. D.Wlsconsln. November 27, 1893.)
1.
COLI,ISION-SAIL-STEAMER A"ND Tow-DuTY OF STEAMER.
A wrong maneuver by a sailing vessel at a time of perU and confusion brought about by the unwarrantably near approach of a steamer and tow will be regarded as an error in extremis.
In Admiralty. Libel by Albert Poppe and others against Anson A. Bigelow to recover damages for a collision. Decree for libelants. Van Dyke & Van Dyke, for libelants. 'Charles E. Kremer, for respondent.
SEAMAN, District Judge.
On November 1, 1891, at about 5:15
and the barge Parana, in tow of the steamer Robert Holland, (with the barge Stevenson,) at a point on Lake Michigan four tosix miles off the west of Wisconsin shore, and five or six miles north of Cana Island light. The Aldrich was a three-masted schooner of 180 tons burden,laden with lumber, bound from Nahama, Mich., to Milwaukee, Wis. She hll-d her three jibs, foresail, and mainsail set, and her mizzep. furled, and was on a course of S. by W. i W., when sighted. The wind was a good, fresh breeze, from the norlhwest. The steamer Holland had the barges Stevenson and Parana in tow, in the order named, all light, bound from Chicago to Washburn, Lake Superior, via straits of Mackinac. Their course, when the schooner was sighted, (erroneously stated by the answer as N. E.,) was N. N. E., according to the undisputed testimony. The Stevenson carried a foresaUand staysail, and the Parana a foresail. This libel was filed by the owners of the schooner against the owner of the Holland and the Parana, upon claim that the collision happenel'l solely from fault of the towing steamer, throngh violation of rule 20 of navigation regulations, in failing to keep out of the way of the sailing vesBel, and especially in an alleged change of course to cross the bows of the schooner. The respondent denies all fault on the part of the steamer, and alleges fault of the schooner in the following particulars: (1) That she exhibited no torchlight to the steamer; (2) that she kept no proper lookout; (3) that she did not keep her course. Although there are many contradictions in the testimony with the advantage as to numbers in favor of the respondent, the undispnted evidence shows that it was a clear, dark morning, and the lights
THE ROBERT HOLLAND AND PARANA.
201
of each approaching vessel were distinctly seen and reported by each lookout. The lookout of the steamer reported a green light about a point on the starboard bow. He places it a mile or a mile and a quarter away. The mate says, "It was three or four miles away-oh, no, two or three miles away-when I saw it." From the schooner the lookout observed first the "bright light" of the steamer, and at about :five miles her red light over his lee bow, which was duly reported. Each claims to have kept his course after these observations until they came into proximity. The witnesses for the respondent state that although the course of the tow was N. N. E., and that of the schooner W. 1- W., there was quite an opening between, so that the course of the tow would lie to the windward or west of the schooner. On the other hand, the red light of the steamer was presented to the schooner, according to all of libelants' testimony, and it was their understanding that the tow intended to pass them to leeward. I think the diagrams produced at the hearing in behalf of the respondent, as well as those for the libelants, tend strongly to support the latter view,-that the course of the tow appeared pointed to the eastward of the schooner. Under the conceded facts of the collision, the only theory advanced by the respond: ent to avoid this conclusion is that the course of the schooner must have gradually veered to the westward, into the wind. There is no testimony to this effect, but the observations of the schooner's green light, as reported by the steamer's lookout, rather show a steady course, and such is the affirmative evidence for libelants. On the part of the steamer, the witnesses assert that her course was unchanged until nearly approaching the schooner, when the steamer's wheel was put a-starboard, changing her course to the westward about a point and a half. 'fhe distance between the approaching vessels at this time is variously stated by respondent's witnesses from twice the length of the tow to 100 feet. They also assert that when they passed the schooner was some :five or six hundred feet to the leeward of the steamer, and that the schooner suddenly came up into the wind, and drove into the tow, passing the Stevenson, but striking the towline between that and the Parana, and thence onto the latter. The length of the Holland and tow is shown to have extended out about 1,800 feet. As to speed, the utmost of claim upon the part of the steamer is that each was about equal, and 7 miles an hour; but the preponderance of testimony indicates that the tow was somewhat faster, and the combined speed of approach about 15 miles an hour. There is no pretense that effort was made, or thought given, to check the speed of the steamer. They were upon the open lake, with ample sea room; and it was her place, under the navigation rules, to keep away from the legitimate course of the schooner. Her long arid unwieldy tow-regarded by the law as one vessel, and that a steamer-required especial care to keep clear. The Civilta, 103 U. S. 699; The Favorite, 10 Biss. 539--541,9 Fed. 709; New York & B. Transp. Co. v. Philadelphia & S. Steam Nav. Co., 22 How. 461. It was incumbent upon her to so navigate as to avoid dangerous proximity, tending to alarm and confusion. The Falcon, 19 Wall. 75; The Carroll, 8 Wall. 302. The tow was drifting to loeeward, making a passage to the windward more dilli-
202
FEDERAL REPORTER,
cult. lam forced to the conclusion that those in charge of the steamer, must have miscalculated the courBe of, the schooner, and were too late with their maneuver to windward, whatever its extent, to avoid catastrophe; hence, that they were negligent, under all the circumstances shown. The facts here are clearly distinguished from those appearing in The Wioma, 5 O. O. A. 122, 55 Fed. 338, and other cases cited for respondent. Relative to the faults charged against the schooner, I find as follows: 1. It is undisputed that the schooner exhibited no torchlight, and this is claimed to be in violation of a regulation appearing as section 4234, Rev. St. In view of the decision in U. S. v. Rodgers, (Nov. 20, 1893,) 14 Sup. Ot. 109, handed down by the supreme court since this hearing, holding that the term "high seas" applies to the open waters of the Great Lakes, and inferentially and logically to Lake.Michigan, I am of opinion that section 4234 must be taken as modified .by the act af March 3, 1885, which prescribes rules for navigation of all vessels "upon the high seas and in all coast waters," and, by section 2, repeals all other regulations for such navigation. But whether in force or not seems to be immaterial, upon the undisputed facts here. The lights of the schooner were burning, and distinctly seen, and it is not apparent how observations could have been helped by a torch. The morning was clear, and there were no conditions to obscure the lights, and the absence of a torch was immaterial. The Pennland, 23 Fed. 556; The Margaret, 3 Fed. 870. 2. The alleged want of a proper lookout on the schooner is contrary to the testimony. The lights appear to have been observed and duly reported by him, and I do not think the testimony warrants the inference argued by counsel for respondent, that he then paid no further heed to the light until the reported change of course by the steamer. 3. The only proof as to any change in the course of the schooner relates to a situation after she had passed the steamer, when it is alleged by the witnesses for respondent that ,she swung' up into the wind, and thus drove onto the towlines and into the barge. This view is corroborated by the fact that the schooner was struck by the barge on her port bow at the cathead. At this moment there was peril and confusion, and it is not surprising that the testimony is conflicting. The wheelsman of the schooner says that he put the wheel hard to port when collision was inevitable, to save the blow as much as possible. He may be mi,staken, and,-in panic, may have put the wheel the other way, or it may be, as suggested in respondent's brief, that because of the condition of her centerboard, or other cause, the schooner did not mind her helm. In either view, this occurred in such proximity and such situat,ion of imminent danger, produced by the wrong maneuvers of the steamer, that it must be regarded in extremis, and not taken as a fault to defeat recovery. The Maggie J. Smith, 123 U. S. 355, 8 Sup. Ot. 159; The Elizabeth Jones, 112 U. S.514, 5 Sup. Ot. 468; Bentley v. Coyne, 4 Wall. 512; The Ohatham, 3 C. C. A. 161, 52 Fed. 396. .Decree will be entered in favor of the libelants, and r.eference to ascertain and report the damages.
THE TEMPLAB.·
THE TEMPLAR. BODE et al v. THE TEMPLAR. (District Court, N. D. California. No. 10,575.
December 28, 1893.)
MARITIMB LIENS-STATE STATUTES-AuTHORITY OF MASTER AND PART OWN. ERS IN HOME PORT.
Where a state statute gives a lien on a vessel for repairs and supplies furnished in her home port, the same presumptions in favor of the master's authority to contract therefor on her credit arise as exist under the maritime law where repairs and supplies are furnished in a foreign port; and the same rule obtains as to the authority of part owners. The right to a lien given by a state statute to persons furnishing supplies or labor for repairs to a vessel, under contracts with her master and part owner, is not affected by the filing of a bill by other part owners for possession, after the contracts were made. The filing of a libel by part owners of a vessel for possession, or to restrain her leaving port until security is given for her return, which alleges her need of repairs, and a belief that, if she proceeds on her voyage, she may be condemned as unseaworthy, and excessive charges for repairs be imposed on libelants, Is not notice that her master has no authority to contract on her credit for reasonable repairs and supplies in her home port, and does not prevent the acquirement of a lien therefor under a state statute. Code Oivil Proc. Cal. 813.
2. SAME-NoTICE-PENDENCY OF POSSESSORY SUIT.
8.
SAME.
4.
ADMIRALTy-DISTRIBUTION OF PROCEEDS OF VESSEL.
*
·Where there are funds in the registry from the sale of a vessel in a pOSsessory suit, the court has power to pay therefrom claims for repairs and supplies furnished to the vessel.
In Admiralty. Libel by M. W. Bode and others against the bark Templar for supplies and repairs. Decree for libelants. A. P. Van Duzer, for libelants. Andros & Frank, for respondent. MORROW, District Judge. This is an action in rem against the bark Templar to recover for supplies furnished and repah's made upon the vessel in the port of San Francisco. The bark is an American vessel, and, at the time the libel was filed in the ca'se, she was owned by residents of San Francisco. Prior to the filing of this libel, a disagreement arose between the owners as to her employment, and a libel of possession was filed by the part owners representing seven-sixteenths interest of the bark, alleging that the other part owners, holding the remaining nine-sixteenths interest, had constituted one Simon G. Benilon (also a part owner) master of the bark, and that he was about to take her on a voyage to sea; that the bark was unseaworthy, and in need of considerable repairs, and was unfit to perform any voyage without such repairs, and libelants believed that, upon such voyage, said bark might be condemned as unseaworthy, and excessive charges for her repair be imposed upon the libelants. The libel prayed that the part owners holding the nine-sixteenths interest should be cited to show cause why Benson should not be restrained from proceeding to sea