THE LOUIS OLSEN.
845
It is clear that;nQ: right exists ,in the 'pateil,tee (when further and complete specification is required), before the actual granting of the patent. It is equally clear, I think, that under our statute this invention was not patented abroad at the time of the granting of the patent here. An application had been made, but not until after the granting of the patent here was the patent abroad issued. The invention is not patented abroad before the actual sealing and issuance of the patent. It seems to me clear that the meaning of our oWll statute is to limit the term of the monopoly so that it shall not exist longer than a previously granted monopoly abroad. But it is not to be so lim.ited unless the invention has been previously patented abroad. The term "patented," as used in our statutes, does not mean the preliminary proceedings, but the ,actual issuance of the patent' under the seal of the government speaking the exercise of sovereign will, investing the patentee with thegrarit of. a monopoly. Gold & Stock Telegraph Co. v. Comm.ercial Telegram Co., 31. O. G. 1559,23, Fed. Rep. 340; Emerson v. Lippert, 42 O. G. 964, 31 Fed. Rep. 911; Seibert Cylinder Oil Co. v. William Powell Co., 47 O. G. 1072, 35 Fed. nep. 591; Smithy. Goodyear Dental Vulcjtnite Co., 11 O. G. :246, 93 U. 8. 486--498. ' An injunction will issue.
THE LOUIS OLSEN. OLSEN
v.
HARITWEN.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Cirouit. July 24, 1893.), No. 98-
1.
STATUTES-CO:SSTRUCTION-AMEN DMENT.
The constitution of California provides that no law shall be amended by reference to its title, but all amended laws shall be re-enactedand published at length as amended. Code Civil Proe. Cal. § 813, was amended and re-enacted by an act in which the whole Code was revised, and which repealed all laws inconsistent with itself. FIeld, that a subdivision of section 813 which was set forth unchanged in the amendatory act was not so re-enacted as to make it a later statute than one on the same subject existing befllre such re·enactment, and thereby impliedly repeal such other sbltute. SAME-CODIFICATION-ExISTING LAW.
'2.
In Civil Code Cal. § 5, declaring that the provisions of the Code, "so far as they are substantially the same as exiRtin7 statutes or the common law, must be construed as a contimmtion thereof, :md not as new enactments," the common law referred to is the existing common law, not the law formerly prevailing, which had been abrogated by statute. Act Cal. April 13, 18'-iO, adopted for all courts of the state the common law of England, by which the of a vessel had no lien on the ship for wages. Civil Prrrc. Act Cal. 1851, § 317, made all vessels liable to liens "for services rendered on board," thereby giving the master a. lien for his wages, and this provision is re-(>nacted in Code Civil Pree. Cal. § 813; but Civil Codeeal. § 3055, )l'ovides that the master shall have a general lien for advances, etc., but no lien for his wages; and Pol. Code Cal. § 4480, vrovides that the Codes must be construed as though
.8.
SAME-CONFLICTTNG PROVISIONS-MARITIME LIENS-MASTERS' 'WAGES.
846 all had been
FEDERAL
57. §
larntion of the common·lnw rule, bnt was 11 positive enactment; that th" C9;mmon·lawruleadQpted in 1800, and the provision of the act of 1851 creating 'the lien, were not in pari materia, in such sense that, on their sllbsequent incorporation and re-enactment in the Codes, Code Civil Proc. § 813; could prevail, as: a re-enactment ot the latest expression of the legislative will.; but that Civil COde, § 3055, contained the first positive expression of the will of the legislature eonoornlng the master's lien, and. in denying him a lien for wages, constituted an exception to the general rule expressed in CodeC[vil Pl;OC., § 813, effect being thus given to both provisions. 52 Fed. Rep. 652, reversed.
8tatute. Held, that Civll Code,
at the
mOxneD,t and were partot the 88IJIl8 aOlS5, could not be regarded as a mere dee-
Appeal ,from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of Oalifornia. In Admiralty. Libel by Oharles Haritwen against the steam schO()ner Louis Olsen (William Olsen, claimant) to recover wages due libelant as master of the vessel. A debree was rendered for libelant. 52 Fed. Rep. 652. Claimant appeals. Reversed. D. ·T. Sullivan, for' appellant. Page & Eells, for appellee. BefoJ:'e McKENNA and GILBERT, Circuit Judges, and HAWLEY, District Judge. GILBERT, Circuit, Judge. The libelant brought suit against the steam schooner Louis Olsen to recover his wages for services rendered in the capacity of master of the vessel on a sailing voyage from San Francisco to the North Pacific ocean. Exceptions were interposed to the libel, on the ground that the master has no lien for his wages. The exceptions were overruled, and a decree was rendered in favor of the libelant. From that decree this appeal is taken. There is no allegation in the libel as to the nationality of the vessel referred to, but it is conceded that she is an American vessel, ,and that the contract under which the master rendered the servo ices to ,the owners was made in the state of California. It is also conceded that no lien upon the vessel exists for the master's wa:ges, either by the maritime law or the common law, and that, if there be such lien, it obtains its existence by virtue of the statute law of the state of California. In the civil practice act of 1851 (section 317) it was enacted that all steamers, vessels, and boats shall be liable "for services reno dered on' board at the request of or on contract with their respective owners, masters, agents, or consignees," and that "the said several causes of action shall constitute liens upon all steamers, vessels, and boats." This statute clearly changed the rule of the common law, and by its terms gave the master a lien for his wages. . Such was the construction given it in the Iiistrict court of the United States for Oalifornia, and affirmed on appeal to the circuit court. The Mary Gratwick, 2 Sawy. 342. There was no further change in the law until 1873, when the four
THE LOUlI3 OI.8E!f.
847
Codes of California were simultaneously adopted,-the Civil Code, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Political Code, and the Penal Code. In the Code of Civil Procedure (section 813) the provisions of the law contained in the civil practice act are re-enacted in almost the identical language quoted above. In the Civil Code (section 3055) it is provided as follows: "The master of a ship' has a general lien, independent of possession, upon the ship and freightage, for advlUlces necessarily made or liabilities necessarily incurred by him for the benefit of the ship, but has no lien for his wages."
Here, then, are two provisions of the law apparently in conflict. By the one it is declared that all persons shall have a lien upon the vessel for their wages; by the other it is declared that the master of the ship has no lien for his wages. It is expressly declared in the act whereby the four Codes are adopted that they shall all take effect concurrently. Pol. Code, § 4480, provides as follows: "With relation to each other, the provisions of the four Codes must be con· strued * · · as though all such Codes had been passed at the same moment and were parts of the same statute."
Reference, therefore, cannot be had to the date or hour of pas:aa.ge of the two sections, nor to their relative position in the statute books, to ascertain which is the later expression of the will of the legislature. It is contended that the last clause of section 3055 is but a -declaration of the common-law rule, and that it was not intended as a legislative enactment. This argument does not commend itself to our consideration. It is hardly to be conceived that the legislature would have made an empty or purposeless declaration of a rule of common law more than 20 years after that rule had been abrogated by statute. The section must be regarded as a positive enactment. To hold otherwise is not only to deprive the statute of all force and meaning, but to give to it the effect of a false statement; for it was not true that at and prior to that enactment the master had no lien for wages. He had such lien secured to him by statute under the previous practice act. It is urged that the last clause of section 3055 of the Civil Code is repealed by virtue of the act of the legislature of 1874, amending section 813 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The amendment was embodied in a general act whereby the whole of the Code was revised. The amendments to section 813 consisted in inserting in subdivisions 2, 3, 4, and 5 thereof the words "in this state" or "within this state." Subdivision 1, which contains the provision a lien for services rendered on board of vessels, was not affected by the amendment, and was left unchanged. That -subdivision is repeated, however, in the amendatory act, and there follows thereafter a general repeal of "all provisions of the law inconsistent with this act." It is argued that the legislature thereby intended to re-enact subdivision 1 of section 813, and to :repeal the last clause of section 3055 of the Civil Code as ineon-
57.
If .subdiviElion 1 had ,been itself amended by the act of lS74, that fact wQuld furniahstrong ground in support of this contention. That subdivision is set forth in the amendatory act, in evident compliance with the constitution of the state, which requires that, in case of amendment or revision of the law, "the act revised or section amended shall be re-enacted and published at length as revised or amended." .The effect of such re-enactment has been .settled by repeated adjudications, and the rule controlling ;the same is expressed as follows: "TheCQustitutioual provision requiring amendments to be made by setting out the whole section as lllllencled was not intended to make any different rule as to the effect of such amendments. So far as the section is changed, it must receive a new operation, buts6 far as it is not changed it would be dangerous to hold that the mere nominal re-enactment should have the effect of disturbing. the whole. body of stlltUt,eS in pari materia which had been passed. siJ;1ce the first enactJJ:)ent. There must be something in the nature of the ne"tV 1l.igislation to shoW such an intent with reasonable clearness before an implied repeal can be recognized."Suth. St. Consl. § 133.
there"snot&nIY nothing to show an intention to re-enact subdivision 1, or to give it new force or effect, but we of a contraI'Y. purpo,Se in the fact that, at the time find the' 'Ood.e pf Civil Procedure. \v:as amended, the other Codes were revised 'and and .section 3055 of the Civil Code was left unrepealed and unaffected by amendment. 5 of. the Civil Code is, relied upon to di.spo.se of the conthe two Iilections of the That section provides as . of thisC9de, so far as are substantially the same as existing i;ltawtes or the common law, must be construed as a continuation thereof; 'l'ib.ub.citas new enactments." ,
The law referred to in section 5 i.s clearly the existing comri;lon,: law,-that which wa.s enforced at the time the Codes were a(fQpteq,-and not the common law which had prevailed at some pporperiod, but which had been abrogated by statute. The language employed i.s capable of no other construction. The section' refers to the re-enactment of the existing law, whether statlaw. The word "existing" refers to and limits ntory o.r" '(comrp.on lj}w," as well as the "statutes." The .section declare.s thatsnchlawsre-enacted in the Code shall. be deemed a continuatioJI of the, existing law. A law enacted in the Code could not law unless be thecqntipuation of a statute law orot the the law so enacted had, been in. force at and prior to the adoption of the C,Qde, , ']:'0 hold woulq be to disregard the plain , , meaning Qfthe wordsewployed; It is that, if we. concede to the last clause the forClil',lilld efiectQf .apositiveenactment, it is of still :t:\J.rough ,a rule·of which is , "Where two l'\tatutes in., pari materia, originally enacted at different· perlof time.,a,re .and re'Clll,lcted in.
'I
rrj'J
THE, LOUIS OLSEN.
849
substantially the same language, wIth the desIgn to accomplIsh the purpose 1lhey· were orIginally intended to produce, the time when they first took etl'ect will be ascertained by the courts, and effect will be given to that which was the latest declaratlbm of the will of the legislature, if they are not harmonious." Suth. St. Const § 161.
The argument is that by the act of April 13, 1850, the common law of England was adopted as the rule of decision in all the courts of the state. A year later the practice act was adopted, and there'in t:lJ.e law was enacted giving a lien upon vessels for servicelil rendered on shipboard, which law, in 1873, was continued in force in section 813 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Having been so continued in force in 1873, and the common-law rule having been also re-enacted in section 3055, it follows that section 813 is the later expression of the will of the legislature, and, by the law of construction just quoted, must prevail over section 3055, which is but a re-enactment upon this particular subject of the general act, Qf April 13, 1$50. The difficulty with this argument is that it leaves out of· sight some of the plain facts of the previous legislation.The act of April 13, 1850, was a general adoption of the commolllaw of England as the rule of decision in the courts of the state. Under the common law, the master's lien had no existence. In 1851 the practice act was adopted, expressly conferring a lien upon vessels for wages. The statute so enacted was not, strictly speal\tng, a repeal of the common law; it was the creation of a right which at common law had never existed. The common law so adopted iIi 1850, and the provision of the practice act abrogating the same, and creating the lien, cannot be regarded as "two statutes in pari materia;" and when the Civil Code was adopted, it cannot be said that the two statutes were "subsequently incorporated in a revision," or that they were lOre-enacted in substantially the same language, with the design to accomplish the purpose they were originally intended to produce." On the contrary, section 3055 contains the first positive expression of the will of the legislature concerning the specific subject of a master's lien. The object of the rule just quoted, as O'f' all rules of statutory construction, is to arrive at the legislative intent. The rule is a reasonable one. Where a statute upon a spec'ific subject has been repealed, not expressly, but by implication, by the enactment of a later statute upon the same subject, inconsistent with the first, and both laws are subsequently re-enacted in a revision or codification, they still have the same relative force and effect as before the codification; that is to say, the earlier rema'ins repealed by the later statute. In such a case the presumption arises that the repeal of the earlier statute has been overlooked by the codifiers, and therein lies the reason of the rule. Bank v. Patty, 16 Fed. Rep. 751. Neither the letter nor the reason of that rule applies to this case. When the Codes were adopted, there was no statute upon the subject of liens upon vessels, save and except the law now embodied in section 813. The common-law rule denying the master's lien had never been v.57F.no.7-54
850
FEDERAL REPoBTEB,vol.
any statutory and was »,o(fohnd' upon book. It cannot be S8ld that there wa,s. madvertence in inserting in the Codes this provision of the ,common law, and that its abrogation was overlooked. That section',must have been intentionally framed and inserted in the laws at the time of the adoption: of the Codes as the expression of the intention of the lawmakers upon that particular subject. It will be noted that thE." first clause of that section, declaring that the master shall have a lien upon vessels for his adv,ances, is a departure from the common law; while the last following directly thereafter, and com· pleting the enactment, and denying the master's lien for wages, is a return to the' common law. The fact that the last clause so adopted coincides with the unwritten law in force by the act of 1850 cannot create the presumption that the abrogation of that unwritten law by the adoption of the civil practice act, in 1851, was overlooked· in the codiftcation. On the other hand, the adoption of this section of the Code is proof that the general subject of the lien of the master upon the vessel was therein considered in all its bearings. ,It is not disputed that the first clause of the sec· tion is in full force and effect, and that the lien thereby created is 'recognized and enforced. To say that the second clause is empty, vo'id, and ot no effect, from the bare fact that it coincides with the common"la*, is to deprive the legislature of the power to restore the comrilon-Iaw rule in the Oodes after it had once been abrogated, unless at the same time they expressly repeal every law; upon the statute book inconsistent with such restoration. It must be held that the legislature meant by this positive enactment to restore the common-law, rule upon the subject of the master's lien for wages, and the court has not the right to refine away the actual express'lon of the legislative intent by a rule of constrnction in a case where the reason of that rule does not apply. It is the duty of the court to give force and effect, if possible, both to section 813 and section 3055. We fi:nd no difficulty in doing this. Section 813 contains the expression of the general rule upon the subject of liens for services on shipboard. Section 3055 contains the law upon the subject of the master's lien for advances and wages, and, so far as his lien for wages is concerned, it contains the .only exception to the general rule declared in section 813. The decree of the district court is reversed, and the cause is remanded, with instructions to dismiss the libel at the cost of the libelant, and that the appellant recover his costs on this appeal.
, "
THE SIRIUS.
861
THE SIRms. THE SIRIUS v. CEDROS ISLAND MINING & MILLING CO., (LOWE et al., Interveners.) (Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. No. 103. 1. SALVAGE-CONTRAOT FOR TOWAGE-DURESS-AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION.
July 17, 1893.)
On a libel on contract for salvage services rendered by the steam schooner Tillamook to the steamer Sirius, the evidence showed that the Sirius, having lost her propeller and part of her shaft, was placed under such sail as she had, and, after drifting for three days, was anchored in a bay of an Jt;land off the coast of Lower California; that she was in a dangerous position, as she could not get an offing with her small sail power, and in case of a southerly gale might go ashore; that the master of the Tillamook, which came to her assistance, proposed either to tow her to San Diego for $20,000, or to furnish stores, and gratuitously take an oflicer to San Diego to procure assistance; that the original purpose of the master of the Sirius was to send to San Diego for assistance; that he was positive his position was safe, and that he could get to sea before a southerly storm became dangerous; that he decided not to send an oflicer to San Diego, as he wished to avoid lengthening his voyage; that he claimed that $20,000 for the towage services was unreasonable and exorbitant, and proposed either a reduction in the charge or arbitration, or to leave the question to the owners to settle; and that his propositions were rejected by the master of the Tillamook. The master and purser of the Sirius testified that the master of the Tillamook demanded "$20,000 or nothing, and I want you to talk quick, or I will leave you." The master of the Tillamook testified in an unsatisfactory and contra· dictory manner that in the conversation he expressed a doubt of the abil· ity of his vessel to tow the Sirius, and offered to leave the question of compensation to the court. The negotiations occupied an hour and a half. The contract for the towage service was drawn by the purser of the Sirius, and subsequently signed by her master. The Tillamook was valued at $32,000, and the salvage property at $143,539. Hekj, that the service rendered was a salvage service, and not a towage service; that, under the circumstances, the bargain was inequitable, the J:lrice agreed on exorbitant, and that $8,000, with interest from the date of the service, was fair compensation. The Wellington, 52 Fed. Rep. 605, distinguished. The Sirius, 53 Fed. Rep. 611, reversed. The award should be distributed as follows: $5,300 to the charterers of the Tillamook, $1,000 to her master, and $1,700 to the other officers and crew ot the vessel, according to their relations to the service performed, their. extra. work, and their regular wages. The Sirius, 53 Fed. Rep. 611, modified.
2.
SAME-ApPORTIONMENT.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Northern District of California. Libel by the Oedros Island Mining & Milling Company against the British Steamer Sirius, her cargo, J. Lowe and others, interveners. From a decree for libelant, (53 Fed. Rep. 611,) John Meek and H. M. Gregory, claimants, appeal. Reversed. Andros & Frank, Page & Eells, and E. W. McGraw, for appeIJSlnh, George Fuller, Walter G. Holmes, and H. W. Hutton, for appellees.