842
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 57.
not .the testimony fail to es.tablish the contention of the defendant, but it does not raisea.scintilla of doubt as to the perfect fairnel5lilof the officers in the patent office in dealing with· this matter. It. would take much stronger proof than that produced by the defendant to satisfy me that officials connected with the patent office, or reputable patent solicitors, would purposely do the things which are rather hinted at than deliberately charged by the defendant for the alleged purpose of benefiting one inventor at the 008t of another, .who was equally meritorious. Nor do I think the objection raised by the defendant to the validity of the letters patent under consideration for want of sufficient specification of the said "prepared sheets for' stencils so as to enable those skilled in the art to make, produce, and use the same" is well taken. Taking the whole patent together, I think there can be no question that the invention and the mode of use is clearly described and set forth by Broderick, so that he who runs may read and understand. There seems to be neither ambiguity nor uncel"tainty in the language of the specifications and claims. They are concise, terse, and well expressed. As is quite usual in oases of this sort, the evidence touching infringement is contradictory. I think the weight of the testimony preponderates in favor of the complainant, and· upon a careful consideration of all the testimony upon this part of the case I am of the opinion that it has been satisfactorily proved that the defendant did infringe these letters patent, as he has been charged. I think it only fair to say that while, in my opinion, Broderick's invention displays novelty and patentability, and that he has ceJltainly accomplished a desired end by the creation and use of novel means, and that as such he is entitled to that protection which the law grants to a successful inventor, yet such conclusion has been reached only after much hesitation. If such judgment be based upon insufficient facts, or unsound reasoning, I am glad to know that the defend· ant can find his remedy in a court of review. There must be a decree for the complainant, as prayed for.
AMERICAN BELL TEL. CO. v. CUSHMAN et aL , SAME v. HUBBARD et 11.1. (Circuit Court, N.D. IllinoIs. September 6, 1893.)
1.
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION-PRIOR ADJUDICATION -ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE.
The production of additional ex parte evidence attackIng the validity ot a patent Is not a suffi.cient reason tor denying an Injunction when thb patent has been sustained by the supreme court and by various circuit courts after exhaustive litigation, as In the case of the Bell telephone patent, No. 186,787. 'l'he Bell telephone patent, No. 186,787, is Infringed by both the Corwin and the Cushman telephones.
2. SAME-INFRINGEMENT.
AMERICAN' BELL TEL. CO.
1].
CUSHMAN.
843
8. SAME-COURTS-FOLLOWING PRIOR DECISIONS.
On a motion for preliminary injunction the circuit courts will follow decisions in other circuits adjudging certain devices to be infringements of a patent, especially when the parties are substantially the same. The word "parented," as used in Rev. St. § 4887, providing that every patent for an invention which has been previously patented in a foreign country shall be limited to expire with the foreign patent, refers to the date of the actual issuance of the foreign patent, although the same is antedated, as in the English practice, to the day the application was filed.
4. SAME-LIMITATION BY FOREIGN PATENT.
In. Equity. Suits for the infringement of letters patent No. 186,787, issued January 30, 1877, to Alexander Graham Bell, for a telephone. Motion for preliminary injunction. Granted. Bond, Adams, Pickard & Jackson, F. P. Fish, and J. J. Storrow, for complainant. Merritt 'Starr, Ephraim Banning, and L. C. Brooks, for defend· ants. JENKINS, Circuit Judge. The patent involved in these suits has passed under the review of the supreme court of the United States, (Telephone Cases, 43 O. G. 377. 126 U. S. 1, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 778,) and its validity sustained. history of the Bell telephone pat· ents is the history of an enormous litigation, involving the truth of alleged anticipations sought to be sustained by a marvelous mass of evidence. The invention was attacked as perhaps no other invention was ever before attacked. It was sustained, and its integrity established by the decision of the highest and the ultimate judicial tribunal of the land. That decision must be held' conclusive. If there was omission of evidence in that case, !,\ought to be here supplied by ex parte testimony, I do not feel at liberty, in view of the many decisions of the federal courts sustain· ing this patent, to now give ear to such testimony upon the hearing of a motion for a preliminary injunction. I entertain no doubt that the defendants infringe this patent. Mr. Chief Justice Waite declared: "The patmt itself is for the mechanical structure of an electric telephone, to be used to produce the electrical action on which the first patent rests. The third claim is for the use in such instruments of a diaphragm, made of a plate of iron or steel or other material capable of inductive action; the fifth, of a permanent magnet, constructed as described with a coil upon the ends nearest the plate; the sixth, of a sounding box as described; the seventh, of a speaking or hearing tube, as described, for conveying the sound; and the eighth, of a permanent magnet and plate oombined. The claim is not for these several things in and of themselves, but for an electric telephone in the construction of which these things or any of them are used."
It would serve no useful purpose at this time and upon this motion to consider the claimed differences in the construction of the various devices. Whatever the variations in parts, the function performed is the same, the result attained is the same. That re-
suIt is the invention of Mr. Bell. 'l'he claim,. is, as stated by the supreme ,court, not for the several things declared in the patent, butiforarr electric telephone in the construction of which, among other things, a permanent magnet, constructed as described, with a coil upon the end or ends nearest the plate, is used. The patent IS not for the magnet, but for the telephone of which it forms apart.. And the particular devices respectively claimed by defendants have been declared to infringe. In the Hubbard Case the Corwin telephone is the infringing device, and that was enjoined by Judge Acheson, and afterwards by Judge Lacombe. In other case the Cushman telephone is used. That was also l,1djlldged an infringing device by Judge Blodgett in Telephone Co. v. dushman,45. (). G. 1193,36 Fed. Rep. 488. I ought not, if I were so disposed,-and I am not,-to disregard these adjudications. In tIle One case the very device is adjudicated to infdnge. In the other, only so, but substantially as between these same partiesi'!fOr I:camiot but regard as a subterfuge the putting forward of Cushman's wife as the responsible infringer with 'Cushman as a mere looker-on in the conduct of the business. A man can· llQt thus' hide himself under his wife's petticoats. . Cushman can· avoid the consequences of the decree of the court. That remains unimpeached, and conclusive upon the rights of th.epuities. I Tber:emaining question arises upon section 4887 of the Revised Statutes,which provides as follows: shall be debarred from receiving a patent for his Invention or diii!K'l)vel.'Yi nor shall any patent be decfared invalid, by reason of its having been &rst patented or caused to be patented in a foreign country, unless the same has been·introduced into public use in the United States for more than two years pdo!." to the application. But every patent granted for an inventUm which has been previously pateillted in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire at the same time with the foreign patent, or, it there b@ IIlore than one, at the saIPe time with the one having the shortest term, and nO case shall it be in .force more than seventeen years."
The patent in suit was granted January 30,1877. The inventor, thl!ough Morgau'Brown, an agent in London, applied for an English patent by filing a provistonal specification on the 9th day of 1876. In May, 1877, the English patent was issued, seale.don the 15th of May, but antedated to December 9, 1876, and conditioned that on or before June 9, 1877, a complete 'specification should be filed. The English statute permits this antedating of but provides bySt 1852, (15& 16 Viet. c. 83,)a8 follows: . :"See. 24. Any letters patent under this act, sealed and-bearing date as' of any day prior to the actual sealing thereof, shall be of the same force and validity as if they had been sealed on the day as of which the same are expressed to be sealed and bear date, providing always that (save where such letters patent are granted. for any invention in whereof a complete specification has been deposited upon the application for the same under tllfs. act).no,p,rooeeding in law or in equity shall be had upon such lette,rs rel!pect of any infringement committed before. the same were ,&ranteq." '
THE LOUIS OLSEN.
845
It is clear that;nQ: right exists ,in the 'pateil,tee (when further and complete specification is required), before the actual granting of the patent. It is equally clear, I think, that under our statute this invention was not patented abroad at the time of the granting of the patent here. An application had been made, but not until after the granting of the patent here was the patent abroad issued. The invention is not patented abroad before the actual sealing and issuance of the patent. It seems to me clear that the meaning of our oWll statute is to limit the term of the monopoly so that it shall not exist longer than a previously granted monopoly abroad. But it is not to be so lim.ited unless the invention has been previously patented abroad. The term "patented," as used in our statutes, does not mean the preliminary proceedings, but the ,actual issuance of the patent' under the seal of the government speaking the exercise of sovereign will, investing the patentee with thegrarit of. a monopoly. Gold & Stock Telegraph Co. v. Comm.ercial Telegram Co., 31. O. G. 1559,23, Fed. Rep. 340; Emerson v. Lippert, 42 O. G. 964, 31 Fed. Rep. 911; Seibert Cylinder Oil Co. v. William Powell Co., 47 O. G. 1072, 35 Fed. nep. 591; Smithy. Goodyear Dental Vulcjtnite Co., 11 O. G. :246, 93 U. 8. 486--498. ' An injunction will issue.
THE LOUIS OLSEN. OLSEN
v.
HARITWEN.
(Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Cirouit. July 24, 1893.), No. 98-
STATUTES-CO:SSTRUCTION-AMEN DMENT.
The constitution of California provides that no law shall be amended by reference to its title, but all amended laws shall be re-enactedand published at length as amended. Code Civil Proe. Cal. § 813, was amended and re-enacted by an act in which the whole Code was revised, and which repealed all laws inconsistent with itself. FIeld, that a subdivision of section 813 which was set forth unchanged in the amendatory act was not so re-enacted as to make it a later statute than one on the same subject existing befllre such re·enactment, and thereby impliedly repeal such other sbltute. SAME-CODIFICATION-ExISTING LAW.
'2.
In Civil Code Cal. § 5, declaring that the provisions of the Code, "so far as they are substantially the same as exiRtin7 statutes or the common law, must be construed as a contimmtion thereof, :md not as new enactments," the common law referred to is the existing common law, not the law formerly prevailing, which had been abrogated by statute. Act Cal. April 13, 18'-iO, adopted for all courts of the state the common law of England, by which the of a vessel had no lien on the ship for wages. Civil Prrrc. Act Cal. 1851, § 317, made all vessels liable to liens "for services rendered on board," thereby giving the master a. lien for his wages, and this provision is re-(>nacted in Code Civil Pree. Cal. § 813; but Civil Codeeal. § 3055, )l'ovides that the master shall have a general lien for advances, etc., but no lien for his wages; and Pol. Code Cal. § 4480, vrovides that the Codes must be construed as though
.8.
SAME-CONFLICTTNG PROVISIONS-MARITIME LIENS-MASTERS' 'WAGES.