BAINBRII>GE V. KITCHELL EMBOSSING Cu.
213
United States may feel a generous pride that the government or his country extends protection to all persons within its jurisdiction, and that every blow aimed at any of them, however humble, come from what quarter it may, is 'caught upon the broad shield of our blessed constitution and our equal laws.' "
The invalidity of that portion of section 4 of the Geary act providing for the imprisonment at hard labor for a period of not more than one year of the Chinese person or person of Chinese descent found and adjudged to be unlawfully within the United States does not, however, affect the deportation clause of the section, nor any of the othe:' provisions of the act. There is no necessary connection between the deportation of the person and his imprisonment at hard labor for one year, or for any less time. The JIncon.gtitutionality of an independent clause of a statute does not render unconstitutional the remainder of the statute. From the views above expressed, it results that that portion of the order of the commissioner directing that the defendant be imprisoned at hard labor in the state prison at San Quentin for two days should be annulled, and that in all other respects the judgment and order should be affirmed. Ordered accordingly. BAINBRIDGE et al. v. KITCHELL (Circuit Court, D. New Jersey. July 17, 1893.) PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-INVENTION-ANTICIPATION-PICTURE MATS.
CO.
Letters patent No. 4;l2,flll, issued May 26, 1891, are for an "improvement in material for picture mats," consisting of a material composed of a backing or body of soft paper, and a facing of ornamental paper attached thereto and afterwards embossed, the backing, by reason of its softness, serving as a counter die, thus necessitating the use of but one die. Held, that the patent is void because of anticipation, and also for want of invention, in view of the prior state of the art.
In Equity. Suit by Richard W. Bainbridge and others agaill8t the Kitchell Embossing Company for infringement of a patent. Bill dismissed. Edwin H. Brown, for complainants. H. D. Donnelly, for defendant. ACHESON, Cir-cuit Judge. This bill charges infringement of lettel"S patent No. 452,911, dated May 26, 1891, granted to Rkhard W. Bainbridge, for an "improvement in material for picture mats." In the specifica1Jion the patentee states that the "improvement consists in a picture-mat material, composed of a backing or body of soft paper, and an embossed facing attached thereto," and that ''preferably there will be a facing on each side of the soft paper." He further ,1YS: "By this improvement I am enabled to produce a material of ornamental appearance, sufficiently thick to form a mat, and yet of such character as to be readily cut to the shape requisite for a mat."
214
FEDERAL ltEl'ORTER,
vol. 57.
Pescrlbilig the spe¢,ifteation
in which the mat IllateriaJ is lIladet
"A designates a number ,0f,sheetBof,soft paper formmg a backing or body, and A" A', designate facings attached thereto. The different sheets or layers of the paper constituting the backing or body may be united by paste or other adhesive SUbstance, and the facings may be attached In the same way to1lb.e backing or body."
,"
,
'
I ,
It isfUrthm- stated that "the backing or body gives the thi'Ckne:ss for a mat, and, being soft, enables anyone to readily cut through it to form a mat." It is also set forth that "the embossing of the facings, Al, A2, is done after their attachment to. the backip.g or booy, A," and that this is possible because the materialtorming the baclting or booy is of such a soft character that it will serve as the equivalent of a counter die, and consequently ena:ble the embossing of each f8JCing to be done by a single die. This 1$, to be very important, because the material composed of the, backipg or body and facing may be rotled out fiat after being united", 'Yhich. would be i!.mpossi:ble if the embossing were done before the attachment of the facing, for the reason that the operation of rolling out the material fiat would in such case smooth out the embossing. This is the whole substance of the specification. Theolaims of the patent are follows:
as
of manufacture, a material for a picture mat, having a backing or body portion consisting of layers of soft paper, united together by an adhesive ,substance, and a facing of ornamental paper secured thereto, SUbstantially as specified. (2) As a new article of manufacture, a sheet of material for picture mats, composed of a backing or body of soft material, and facings of ornamental paper attached to the outer sides thereof, substantially llsspecl.tl.ed. (3) The process of making material for picture mats, consisting in forming a backing or body of suitable soft paper, and attaching thereto a facing of ornamental paper, and in subsequently embossing sue'll paper, the backing or body· serving as a counter die, sllbstantlally as specified." "(1) As
The defendant, among other defenses, sets up anticipation, and in one instance, at least, that defense has been made out. It is very' elerurly'proved by trUstIWorthy and uncontradicted testimony that in the years 1887 and 1888, the dates being fixed by book entries, before the date of Bainbridge's alleged invention, the A. M. Oollins 'Manufacturing Company, of Philadelphia, made for, and sold and delivered to; George Barrie, of Philadelphia, and to Allen & Ginther, of Richmond, Va., mat boards for pictures, in considerable 'quantities, which were made by rpasting together severa! sheets ofS'Qlft paper to form, the body of the Dliat, which was then faced with, ornamental paper, and the facing SI11bsequently embossed without t;4e use of a counter die. The process of manufacture there was idenrtJiclU. with the methoo set forth in the Bainbridge, and the article proouced, of which original specimens are' exhibits in this case, coITeSi.Ponds subsrtantirully with the description of the patent. Rimer, a mat maker, who cut a portion of that material into picture-mats for Barrie, testifies that "it was an easy-cutting board; it hadn't a hard inner surface to it.'t
BAI.:"BlllDGE V. KITCHELL EMBOSSING CO.
215
The rebutting proofs really go no further than this: that these exhibits are inferior to the article now manufactured by the plaintiffs. But it appears that the plaintiffs are using "wood pulp" or "wood-pulp board" for their backing or body, and in their printed brief they say: "Our position is that the patent is really for a mat material. having a back· lDg or body of wood pulP. and a facing or facings applied thereto. and em· llOssed after their union. this material being superior to any other ever produced for the sallie purpose."
Of this, however, the patent contains not a hint. Moreover, it appears that the material spoken of in the evidence indifferently as "wood pulp" and "wood-pulp board," which is made of different thicknesses as desired, was a well-known article on the market at the time of Bainbridge's alleged invention, and had long been used. to form the backing or body of card and mat boards; and it was no nnusual thing for mat makers to paste together several sheets of wood-pulp board to form a thick mat. It was old to form the middles of card and mat boards out of strawboard, a soft material, and also of layers of soft paper pasted together. It was common to face the mat material made in any of these ways by pasting thereon plain ornamental paper or embossed. paper. Furthermore, it is shown that as early as 1873, and smce, De Jonge & Co., in the city of New York, made mat material for pictures out of wood1>ulp board, and, at first, faced. the material with tinted. paper, and embossed. the paper after it was pasted. thereon; bnt snbsequently they omitted the tinted. paper, and coated. the wood-pnlp board, and embossed the coating. It will be perceived. that the patent in Buit gives no particular instructions as to the method of embossing, and suggests no new instrumentalities. It merely states that, by reason of the softness of the body of the material, the embossing can be done by a single die. But that was no patentable discovery, and, in fact, was not new in practice. Aside from the mat material made by the A. M. Collins Man11Jfacturing Company, it appears that, prior to Bainbridge's alleged invention, bristol boards, although OOIl1posed of sheets of hard paper, were embossed without a counter die. Again, the patents to George W. Ray, No. 54,404, No. 61,100, and No. 63,177, dated, respectively, May 1, 1866, January 8, 1867, and Maroh 26, 1867, disclosed. a process of embossing paper and materials made out of paper without the employrrnent of a counter die. As far as I can see, there is no substantial difference between the process of embossing shown by Ray and the method actually practiced by the plaintiffs and the defendant respectively. The following extra0t is from the cross-examination of Mr. Bainbridge, the patentee, when on the stand in this case: "142 X-Q. How long have yon been familiar with the process of papers between plates on one of whose faces patterns consisting of cloth were pasted, and the running the same between hp.avy rollers? Answel'. About ten years. 14 X-Q. How does that process ddffer from the process which you )mploy for the purpose ot embossing your material? A. The process is the same."
.
J'EDEBAL REPORTER,
The defendant presents a number of other prior patents here pertinent, but which I will· not parti,cularly mention. As alreally seen, the evidence with respect to the material made by the A. MCollins Manufacturing Company furnishes a complete defense to the bill; bUt, independent of that instance of clear anti0ipation, the proofs, I think, well warrant theoonclusion that, in view of the prior state of the art, the patent in suit did not disclose any patentable invention or discovery. Let a decree be drawn disIIl.issing 1;he bill, with costs. BRICKILL et al. v. CITY OF HARTFORD at aL (Circuit Court, D. Connecticut. July 3, 1893.) L PATENTS,POR INVENTIONS-AcTION AT LAW FOR INFRINGEMENT-PLEADING.
In.anltction at law tor infringement of a patent, defendants, although they plead the general issue, may also maintain a special plea, that th6 combination covered by the patent was not an Invention, and also II. further plea, that the combination covered by the patent required for Its production nothing but mechanical skill, in view of the prior state ot the art.
2.
In an action at law tor infringement ot II. patent, detenses wl),lch have been raised by demurrer to the complaint, and overruled, cannot be made part of the ,answer without leave ot court. But in. CQnnecticut the court will allow. such defenses to. be set up by plea tor the purpose ot saving a right to review on writ ot error to the circuit court ot appeals; it being uncertain whether, under the Code pleading, an assignment ot error in the ruling on the demurrer is sufficient to secure such right, when the demurrant does not allow final judgment to go against him upon It.
8. SAME.
4.
SAME.
A plea alleging want ot novelty because the alleged Invention had been previously. patented, on specified dates, to other parties, is insufficient, tor Rev. St. § 4920, requires an allegation that the invention had been patented, or. described .in some printed publication, before the time ot the supposed invention.
. At Law. Action by William A. Brickill and others against the city of Hartford and others for infringement of a patent. A demurreI" to the complaint was heretofore overruled. 49 Fed. Rep. 372. The case is now heard on motions to strike out certain pleas, and on demurrer to other pleas. Raphael J. Moses, Jr., and Talcott H. Russell, for plaintiffs. , T. E. Steele and Albert H. Walker, for defendants. TOWNSEND, District Judge. The questions herein are presented upon a motion to strike out the second and fourth pleas, and a demurrer to·the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, and ninth pleas, of defendants, in an action at law to recover damages for the alleged infringement of letters patent No. 81,132, granted August 18, 1868, to William A. Brickill, for an improvement in feed-water heaters for steam fire engines. The move to retIuire plaintiffs to reply to the eighth plea, and such other pleas as the