422
FEDERAL REPORTEH,
vol. 56.
struments of interstate commerce subject to the tax? The tax is one for business done exclusively within the city of Charleston. The business is the receiving and the sending of messages by wire. As this is the controlling initial point of messages sent, and the concluding, consummating point of messages delivered, these words, without qualification, cover all messages sent and received. A shipping and commission merchant may be said to do his business exclusively in Charleston, when he ships goods from and receives goods at this port, although, to complete such business, the goods are carried to and from other points. 'l'he draughtsman of this ordinance knew, however, that the busines,s done by these companies between points without this state and the city of CharlestQn was protected from taxation by the' interstate commerce law, (vV'. U. Tel. Co. v. Texas, 105 U. S. 460;) and that, in all business done for the government its agent was protected from taxation, (W. U. Tel. Co. v. Alabama State Board of Assessment, 132 U. S. 473, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 161.) So this part of the ordinance carefully excludes any such attempt, "not including any business done to or from points without the state, and not including any busines,s done for the government of the United States, its officers or agents." But here its exemption ends. Although a telegraph company is an instrument of commerce, and an agent of the United States, "its property in the state is subject to taxation as is other property, and it may immediately be taxed in a proper wayan account of its occupation and business." Waite, C. J., in W. U. Tel. Co', v. Texas, supra. 1\11'. Justice Miller, delivering the opinion of the, court in W. U. Tel. Co. v. Alabama State Board of 132 U. S. 473, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 161, thus sums up the law on this' aubject as formulated in decisions of the supreme court: i "The principlc:J in regard to telegraph companies which have accepted the, provisions of the act of congress 24th July, 1866, is that they shall not bll taxed by the authorities of any state for any messages or receipts from mes· sages from points within the state to points without the state, or fl'Om points' without the state to points within strute, but tlmt such taxes can be levietl upon all messages carried and delivered exclusively within the srote."
Precisely the same principle exists with regard to another instrument of commerce,-express companies. Express Co. v. Seibert, 142 U. S. 350, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 250. The case of W. U. Tel. Co. v. Attorney General, 125 U. S. 530, 8 Sup. CL Rep. 901, is on a line with these decisions. The license tax in this case is not unreasonable, nor will its payment imperil or tax the existence of either of the companies, or its busineHs in this city. The temporary injunction heretofore granted is dissolved in each case, the motions for injunction refused, and each bill is dismissed, with costs. UNI'l'ED S'rA'l'ES v. KBIVICR. (Circuit Court, W. D. Wisconsin. June 5, 1803.)
1.
BAIl,-OUT,TOA'l'IO:'i 01<' SUHETy-SUHVIVAL.
'rhe ohligation of a Burety on a bail bond is a continuing one, and binds his estate after his death.
UJ'iI'l'ED S'l'A'rES V. KEIVER.
423
2.
SAME-AcTION ON BOND-COMPLAINT.
In an action on a ball bond, a complaint which falls to allege that criminal proceedings had been commenced against the principal, or that an examination was had before a qualified officer, whereupon reasonable cause appeared for bcli(,ving him guilty, or that he was held to ball, or required to put In bail by anybody, Is fatally defective.
3.
SAME-OFFENSE AGAINST UNITED STATEs-Fomr OF BOND.
Rev. St. § 1014, provides that offenders against the laws of the Unlterl States may be admitted to bail, "agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in the state" wherein the proceedings are had. Rev. St. Wis. § 4808, provides that a person giving ball shall enter into recog· nizance "for his appearance at the next term of the circuit court of the county." Section 4810 provides that he may, "at his option, give bail either for his appearance at the then pending or next rC/,,"1l1ar term thereof, or for his appearance at such term, and from term to term therr,after." Held, that a bond for his appearance at a special term of the United States district court not then called, which is afterwards called at a different time from that named In the bond, and after two regular terms have elapsed at which he might have been tried, is void.
At Law. On demurrer to complaint. Action by the United States against Margaret Keiver, as administrator of the estate of Joseph H. Keiver, deceased. Demurrer sustained. Samuel A. Harper, U. S. Atty. Scott & Remington, for defendant. BUNN, District Judge. This is an action upon a penal bond given by Albert A. Cadwallader as principal and Joseph H. Keiver as his surety for the appearance of said Cadwallader at a special term of the United States district court to be held at the city of Madison on the 21st day of June, A. D. 1892, and also before said district court, from term to term thereof, to answer any indict· ment that might be found against said Cadwallader for violation of section 5209, Rev. St. U. S., on the charge of embezzling, abstracting, and willfully misapplying the moneys, credits, and funds of the Superior Bank of the City of Superior. The defendant made default, and the bond was declared forfeited on January 10, 1893. Since the execution of the bond Joseph H. Keiver died, and the suit is brought against Margaret Keiver, as· administratrix of his estate. There is a demurrer put in by the defendant assigning various reasons why the action cannot be maintained. Among others, it is claimed that the action does not survive, and so cannot be maintained ag-ainst the estate of the surety upon the bond. This ground is not well chosen. The action is on contract. The purpose of the obligation is to secure the appearance of the principal to answer to a criminal charge. 'l'he defendant, instead of going to jail, and being kept in the custody of the marshal, is delivered over to the safe-keeping of the surety who undertakes to have him in attendance to answer any indictment that may be found, and also to have him in attendance at any subsequent term of the court to answer to his trial. Such obligations would be of but little force and service if they did not survive the death of the surety. It is a continuing obligation and binds the estate of the obligor upon his death.
424
FEDEJUJ, llEPOHTEI\,
vol. 5G.
But there are two objections to the sufficiency of the complaint that, in the judgment of the court, are well taken: (1) The complaint does not anywhere show the occasion for the taking of the bond, does not allege that any criminal proceedingH had been commenced or were pending against Cadwallader, that any examination had been had before any officer qualified by law to hold an examination or admit to bail, nor that upon any such examination or otherwise it was held or adjudged that there was probable cause for believing the defendant guilty, or that he waH held to bail or required to put in bail by anybody. For aught that appears in the complaint, the giving bail was a voluntary proceeding. This will not do. It should appear that the bond was given in a pending legal proceeding against the prisoner, before an officer having jurisdiction, and qualified to hold examinations and admit to bail, and under circumstances where it was proper to require bail to be given, or, in default thereof, to commit to jail. The jurisdiction to hold to bail is statutory and special, and exists only in the cases named in the statute, fend the particular facts bringing the case within the statute should appear to have existed. l'eople v. Koebel', 7 Hill, (N. Y.) 39; People v. Young, rd. 44; Vose v. Deane, 7 Mass. 280; People v. Brown, 2a Wend. 49; Andress v. State, 3 Blackf. 108; State v. Lamoine, 53 Vt. 568; Treasurer v. Merrill, 14 Vt. 64; Dickinson v. State, (Neb.) 29 N. W. Rep. 184. (2) The bond in suit was made returnable at· a special term, not then called, and which, when called, was called at a different term than that named in the bond, and after the elapse of two regular and general terms of the court, at which the prisoner may have been tried, and to which the bond might and should have been made returnable, according to the statute. This objection is fatal, and cannot be cured by amendment, as the facts are no doubt correctly alleged as they appear of record. Section 4808, Rev. St. Wis., provides that"Any pers0n who is arl'('sth'l by virtne of a W:lrr:1nt charging him with a court or oificers before whom such warrant Is rehailnbl'l offense which turnable has no Jurisdiction to try, Illay waive nn examination thereon, and, in cases of munl('r, enter into recogniv.:mce, with sufilcient sureties, to approved by SHCa officer, for his appear:mce at tile next term of the circuit court of the county, and such defendant shall thereupon be dis-
And section 4810 provides that"Whenever any person charged with it criminal offense shall be admitted to bail for his appc:urance at the circuit court to answer the same, he mny, at his option, give bail either for his appearanee at th0 then pending or next re!!ular term thereof, or 1'01' his llppearunce at such term, and from term to thereafter lllltil discharged by law."
Congress has never undertaken to regulate by statute the process or mode of requiring bail in criminal cases, but, as in most matters of legal procedure, refers such process to the mode prescribed by the statute of the state where the court sits. Section 1014, Rev. St. U. 8., provides that-
UNITED STATES V. KEIVER.
425
"For any crime or offense against the United States the offender may, by any justice or judge of the United SL1.tes, or by any commissioner of a circuit eOUl·t to take bail, or by any chnncellor, judge of a supreme or superior court, chief or fir8t judge of COHlmon pleas, mayor of a city, justice of the peace, or other magistrate, of any state wh('re he may be found, and agreeably to the usual mode of process against olrenders in state, ami at the expense of tlw United States, be :llTestt'd and imprisoned or bailell, as the cas(, may be, for trial before such court of the United States as by law has cogniz:lnc'! of the offense."
This statute evidently refers the details of the proceeding to the state statute, and it is by that law that we must determine their regularity and validity. Under this statute, which is taken from the original judiciary act of ,September 24,1789, (1 Stat. 91,) it was held by Judge Curtis in U. K v. Rundlett, 2 Curt. 41, that it was the intention of conf,rress by the words "agreeably to the usual mode of process against offenders in such state" to assimilate all the proceedings for holding accused persons to answer before a court of the United States to the proceedings had for similar pur· poses by the laws of the state where the proceedings should take place; and that the prisoner is not only to be arrested and im· prisoned, but bailed, agreeably to the usual mode of process in the state court. This decision has been recognized and followed in later cases. See U. S. v. Horton's Sureties, 2 Dill. 94; U. S. v. Case, 8 Blatchf. 250. In the first of these cases, decided by Judge Dillon, where the statute of Missouri provided for the adjournment of an examination for a period not exceeding 10 days at one time, and the commissioner, at the prisoner's request, had continued the examination for 19 days, and taken bail for his appearance at the end of that time, and the bail having been forfeited, it was held that the commissioner's order for the appearance of the accused was contrary to law, and that the recognizance was void. And in the latter case, decided by Judge Woodruff, it was held that in New York, where Iltate magistrates have no power to take recollnizances, United States commissioners have no such authority. and that a bond conditioned for the appearance of the accused be· fore the commissioner on a future day to which the proceeding was adjourned was void. In the case at bar, as a matter of fact appearing of record, though this does not appear in the complaint upon the bond, Cadwallader was arrested and taken before a United States court commissioner at Superior on April 29, 1892, and had an examination or waived an examination, and by the commissioner was held to bail, and thereupon the bond in suit was given on that day. 1'he regular December term of the United States circuit and district court appointed by act of congress to be held at Madison on the first Tuesday of December in each year was then in session, and did not adjourn until June 6, 1892. A grand jury was in attendance on the court, and returned a bill of indictment against Cadwallader during that term, on :May 26, 1892. The next term regularly appointed by law to be held was held at Eau Claire on the first Tuesday, being the 7th day of June, 1893. A trial jury in attendance on that term, and the prisoner might have been tried
426
FEDERAL REPORTER,
at that term. The bond required the defendant to appear at a special term to be holden at Madison on June 21, 1892. No such term was appointed by law to be held. One might be called or not, in the discretion of the judges of the circuit and district courts. None had been called on 29th April, 1892, when the bond was taken, nor was called until May 17, 1892. When it was called it was called for the 14th of June, 1892, instead of June 21st. Now, the time at which the prisoner should be required to give bail to appear is either regulated by statute, or must rest wholly in the discretion of the examining magistrate. And if he can pass over two general terms of the court at which the prisoner might be tried, there is no reason why he might not pass over three or any number of terms. But I take it the statute is the measure of authority for holding to bail, and that, when the magistrate transcends that, he is without jurisdiction. Upon giving bail, the prisoner is handed over to the surety, in the place of being held in custody by the sheriff. The necessity for limitation in case of admitting to bail is the same as in committing to prison for the want of bail, and the right or privilege in the one case can no more be waived than in the other. The bail have the custody of the principal, and may take him at any time or in any place. His dwelling is no longer his castle, as against the right of the sureties, but may be entered at any time of day or night, and on a Sunday as well as on a week day. If it were optional with the prisoner to be committed to await his trial at the pending term or at the next regular term, it would be quite apparent that he could not waive that right, and be committed to await trial at some subsequent term of the court. At common law the prisoner, when let to bail, was required to appear at the next term at which he could be tried. 4 BI. Comm. 296. The statute takes the place of the common law on the subject, and requires bail to be taken for the appearance of the accused at his option, either at the then pending term or the next regular term. In People v. Mack, 1 Parker, Crim. R. 567, the defendant was brought before a justice of the peace of Poughkeepsie county on a charge of larceny. After an examination, the justice, deciding that there was probable cause to believe the accused guilty, required him to give bail for his appearance at the next court of oyer and terminer to be held in Duchess county, and such a recognizance was given. The New York statute authorized the magistrate taking the examination to require the prosecution and all the material witnesses against the prisoner to enter into a reco,!.,rnizance to appear and testify at the next court having cognizance of the offense, and in which the prisoner might be indicted. The court in Duchess county was to sit in June, 1854. But it appeared that there was another term at which the prisoner could have been tried appointed to be held in Poughkeepsie county in May of the same year. 'rhe court held the recognizance void, although there was no positive provision of the statute to the effect that the recognizance must be returnable at the first term at which the prisoner could be tried. The court said it would be absurd to require the witnesses to attend at one court and the prisoner at another, and that both by common
UNITED STATES V. LIPKIS.
427
law and necessary intendment of the statute the bond should have required the prisoner to appear at the first session of the court at which he might be tried. This defect in the bond and complaint being fatal to the case, the demurrer is sustained, and judgment must go in favor of the defendant. UNITED STA'£ES v. LIPKIS
et al.
(Distr'ict Court, S. D. New York. June 9, 1893.) IMMIGltATJON-POVEltTY OF bIMIGRANT-LIABILITY TO BECOME PUBLIC CHARGE -llOND-]<'ORFEITUItE.
On the arrival of an immigrant woman In this country a bond was exacted by the government, conditioned that she or her children should not within five years become a. public charge. 'Within six months she became insanc, and was sent to the public asylum. JIcld that, while the insanity of the woman might nothave been contemplated when the bond was taken, the evidence as to the poverty and Inefficiency of lwr husband showed the liability of the family to become at any time a public charge, and as h was on that account that the bond was exacted, and for that reason that the woman became a public charge as soon as her dl'rangement arose, helrl, that the government was entitled to judgment on the bond.
At Law. Action by the United States against Philip Lipkis and Herman Lapidus on an immigrant's bond. Judgment for plaintiff. Edward Mitchell, U. S. Atty., and John O.Mott, Asst. U. So Atty. · Tacob Manheim, for defendant LipIds. Rosenthal & Gretsch, for defendant Lapidus. BROWN, District Judge. On the 27th of September, 1891, one Itte Raszban and her three children arrived as immigrants at the port of New York; and the superintendent of immigration, being satisfied that they were likely to become a public charge, required a bond which was executed by the defendants in the sum of $500, under the regulations of the secretary of the treasury, conditioned that neither the said Itte Raszban nor her three children Fhould "become a public charge for support for a period of five years, upon any state of the United States, its territories, or the District of Columbia, or upon the city, town, township, county or any other municipality therein." The evidence shows that the husband and father of the im· migrants had been in this country about a year, and was earning more or less as a peddler in this city; and that he had two young children who also contributed to the support of the family. The evidence on this point rests mainly on the testimony of the husband himself. His evidence, however, has such inconsistencies, and in some portions is so lacking in probability and candor, that I am constrained to give it little weight as against the testimony of the officers, who testified to the extreme poverty of the appearance and surroundings of the family at their rooms. I have no doubt of the authority of the superintendent of immigration to require a bond upon the landing of these immigrants, on the ground that from the poverty and character of the husband.