HAZELTINE
v.
MISSISSIPPI VAL. FIRE INS. CO.
743
the contract. Griffin v. Colver, 16 N. Y. 489; Leonard v. Tel· egraph Co., 41 N. Y. 544; Abraham v. Telegraph Co., supra. The damages in this case are certain and fixed. They are the amount of the debt whieh the firm of H. & B. Greenbaum owes the plain· tiffs. That amount was lost to the plaintiffs by the wrongful act of the defendant. The language of the message apprised the defendant of the amount of plaintiffs' elaim, the danger of its loss, and the necessity for its prompt protection. 'rhese facts were further emphasized by the verbal statements of plaintiffs, and their stipulation that the message be forwarded at once, which stipula· tion was made before the message was left with defendant or paid for by plaintiffs, and became part of the contract.. Judgment will be rendered for plaintiffs for $3,707.37, with legal interest from June 25, 1891, and their costs and disbursements in this action. HAZELTI::\'E v. MISSISSIPPI VAL. FIHE INS. CD.
(Circuit Court, W. D. Tennessee.
April 14, 1803.)
No. 2,557. 1. ACTION AGAINST NONRESIDENT INSUILIXCE COMPAKy-SrnSTITFTED SERVICE.
Rev. St. Me. tit. 4, c. 40, § 63, providing that "any person having a claim against a foreign insurance company may bring a suit therefor in thi;; state," etc., and that, in case no agent can be found, on whom such service can be had, service may be made on the insurance commissioner of the state. is applicable only to insurance companies which are, or have been, doing business in the state. In an action brought in another state on a judgment so recovered, the record of such judgment must affirmatively show such jurisdictional fact.
2. SAME-ACTION ON FOREWN JUDGME:'iiT-.JurUSDICTIONAL AVERMENTS.
3.
l::!AME-DorNG BUSINESS IN STATB;-INSURANCE BROKER-EVIDENCE.
In such an action it appeared that the insured resided, and the property was located, in the state of Maine; that the insurance company was a 'l'ennessee corporation having no office nor agent in :Maine; and that the insurance was effected by corresponlience through the mails. Held, in consideration of a further provision of such statute requiring insurance companies "doing business" in the state to procure a lic<mse for that purpose, that these facts did not constitute a carrying on of business in the state of ::Ylaine by defendant so as to entitle plaintiff to substituted service.
At Law. Action by William Hazeltine, for the use of another, against the :Yrississippi Valley Fire Insurance Company on a foreign judgment obtained by plaintiff against defendant. Verdict for plaintiff set aside, and judgment entered for defendant. Statement by HAMMOND, J.: This action was brought in 1878 by the plaintiff, for the use of another, upon a judgment rendered against the defendant in the state of ::\Iaine in 1876. '1'he defendant pleads-First, nul tiel record; second, that it is and was, etc., a corporation of Tennessee, having its situs at Memphis, "and was not served with process, and had 110 notice whatever of the pending of said action, [in Maine,] and that it never appeared thereto in person or by attorney;" and, third, "that neither through its officers or agents had it been a citizen of the state of Maine, nor had it, through its officers or agents, ever entered into a contract of insurance, or done or performed any act or thing whatever, within
:744
FEDERAL REPOR'fEU,
vol.
55.
the state of Maine; and at all times from its organization to the present time defendant has been a nonresident of the state of "Vlaine, and never had an agent in said state, and had never autilorized anyone in tile state of Maine to accept service of process for it," etc. '1'he record of the judgment sued on shows that the wrH colllllumded the sheriff "to attach the goods and estate of the Mississippi Valley Insurance Comvany, of Memphis, '1'ennessee, a corporation existing by law, and having no agent in this state that can be fOUIlll, to the value of two thousand dollars, and summon the said defendant (if he may be found in your precinct) to appear * * * to answer unto \Villiam Hazeltine, of Lovell, in said county of Oxford." The sheriff's return to the writ IS as tollows: ".By virtue of this writ I have sunnnoned the J\1ississippi Valley Insurance Company, of Memphis, Tenn., within named, to appear at COUl t, as within directed, by giving to Joshua Nye, insurance for tile state of Maine, an attested copy of this writ, said company having no agent in this state on whom to make service." There was no attachment of defendant's property by the sheriff, and no aJllx'arance by or for tlw defendant company, and the judgment was by defauit. '1'he suit ,vas brought upon the defendant's $1,000 tire insurance policy, for one year, upon a sawwill Imilding in the state of :Maine belonging to the plaintiff, to recover thereunder its by fire; and the declaration alleges that, the vlaintitI being the owner of building, the defendant, "in consideration of a premium iu ullmey tlu'u and there paid to them therefor by the plaintiff, made a policy of immrance upon tile same," etc., "and thereby promised the plaintiff to insure upon said property the sum of one tilousand dollars, ... ... * to be paid sixty days after due notice and proofs of loss shall have been made by the assured, and received at the branch ofiice of the cDmpany in l'\ew York." is no allegation of the place where this contract )f insul'Unce was entered into. The policy was "countersigned at l'\ew York city" and dated November 28. 1874, and the summons was served on the insurance counllissioner May 22, 1876, and tlw judgment rendered September 29, 1876. '1'he volicy sued on is not exhibited' in the transcript of the record. 'fhe following provisions of the Revised Statutes of Maine, (title 4, c. 49,) relating to "Foreign Insurance Companies and Agencies," as amended previously to the of action so sued upon, are relied upon to support the service of process in the case. "Sec. 63. Any person havtng a claim against any foreil,'Il insurance company may bring a suit therefor in the courts of this state, including trustee suits, and service made on any autllOrized agent of said company shall be valid and binding on the company, ami hold it to answer to such suit; and the judgment rendered therein shall bind the company as a valid judgment in every respect, whether the defendants appear or not. In case no agent of such compauy can be found, such notice or service served on the state insurance commissioner, who shall immediately notify said insurance company by mail, shall be valid and binding on the company as though served on their agent. Unless any such judgment is paid within thirty days after demand made upon any such agent or the insurance commissioner, till' commissioner may, on notice and hearing of the parties, suspend the power of the company to do business in this state until it is paid; and if the company, or any agent thereof, issues any policy in this state during such suspension, said company and agent shall each forfeit one hundred dollars. Sec. 64. All notices and processes which, by any J:tW, by-law, or provision of any policy, any insured or other person has occasion to give or serve on any sucll company, may be given or served on its agl'Ilt, or on the insurance commissioner as provided in said section 63, with like effect as if ,l::iven or served on the principal. :"uch agents, and the agents of all domestic companies, shall be regarded as in the place of the company in all respects regarding any insurance effected by them. ... ... *" Foreign insurance cOlnpanies are by statute prohibited from transacting any insurance business in the state of "Tnine wiUlOnt obtaining therefor. which authorizl's it to do E-ueh business "subjeet to the laws of the state;" and the agr-,nts of foreign companies so licensed must tlwll18clves be licenstxl the state, as wen as insurance brokers, "to n01.',"0tiate contracts of in8urthan himself for a c(lll1pensation, nnd :mce, and to effect insurance for
HAZELTINE V. MISSISSIPPI VAL. FIRE INS. CO.
745
by virtue thereof he may place risks or effect insurance with any company of this state, or with the agents of any foreign insurance company who have been licensed to do an insurance business in this state, but with no other." Hev. St. Yle. c. 49, §§ 49-51. 'l'his record does not show that the defendant company or any agent of or broker for it, was ever licensed by the state under its statute. Upon the trial of the suit here upon this ree()rd, a verdict was directed for the plain· tiff. and judgment rendered thereon, under the following stipulation: "But this judgment is rendered by the court with the distinct agreement of the parties, made in open court, that if, upon investigation by the court hereafter, the court should be of the opinion that the service of process in the suit in which the judgment here sued on was illegal and of no effect, then tillS verdict and judgment are to be set aside, and judgment for the defendant entered in place thereof." Before the trial defendant tiled an amendment to his declaration, by an additional count upon the insurance policy, in the very lan/.,'1lage used in stating his cause of action in the court, and made profert here of the policy there sued on. To this the defendant demurred, and its demurrer was allowed.
Miller & Gillham and R. D. Jordan, for plaintiff. L. B. Eaton, for defendant. HAl\lMOND, J., (after stating the facts.) The policy which is the basis of the judgment here sued on, as well as the proof on the subject, showed that it was signed by the president and secretary here in Memphis, at its home office, and sent to New York city, where the company had a branch office and agent, to be countersigned there by the agent before it took effect and before delivery; that it never had an office or agency or an agent in the state of l\f aine ; that it was never licensed to do business in that state, nor was any agent ever so licensed to do business for it, and that no broker \vas ever licensed in "Maine, so far as the company knew, or with its authority or consent, to effect insurance with it, either direetly or throngh its agents. In the late ease of Construction Co. v. Fitzgerald, 137 U. So 98, lOG, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. BG, the general doctrine of service upon a foreign corporation is thus stated: ",Vhere a forei/.,'TI corporation is not doing bnsin('ss in a state, and tlw president, or any other officer, is not there transacting business for the corporation and represeuting it in the state, it cannot be said that the corporation is within the state, so that service can be malle upon it. St. Clair v. Cox, lOG U. S. :l50, 1 Sup. Ct. Hep. 3;)4; Insurance Co. v. 'Voodworth, 111 U. S. 13S, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 3G4; Ex parte Schollenberger, 9G U. S. 3G9."
In St. Clair v. Cox, so cited, the validity of the judgment in controversy was denied for want of proper service on the defendant foreign corporation, the same having been made on an alleged "agent" of the company. By the laws of ),lichigan, service in attachment suits against a nonresident corporation could be made "on any officer, member, clerk, or agent of such corporation within this state," which language the supreme court construes as not "authorizing the service of a copy of the writ, as a summons, upon the agent of a foreign corporation, unless the corporation be engaged in business in the state, and the agent be appointed to act there." The Maine statute here provides that service may be "made on any authorized agent" of a foreign insurance company, and, in case judgment is not paid, the insurance commissioner may "suspend
746
FEDltttAL· REPORTER,
vol. 55.
the power of the company to do business in this state." It is conceded by the plaintiff that there hal'! been no decision by the Maine supreme court construing this legislation, so far as service upon the insurance commissioner is pro,ided for, viz. "in case no agent of such company can be found." It will be observed that, in the record of the judgment sued on, the writ commands the sheriff to attach the property of. the defendant, "having no agent in this state that can be found," and to summon the defendant, "if he [it] may be found," and that the officer's return shows that there was "no agent in this state on whom to make service!' 'rhis :Maine statute, taken altogether, shows affirmatively, and not by implication merely, that its various provisions were only intended to apply to such foreign insurance companies as "shall transact any insurance business in this state," and only such could be licensed. Chapter 49, § 49. Its agent can be licensed only when the company itself "has received a license to do an insurance business in the state," (rd. § 50,) and a like limitation is imposed on the granting of licenses to insurance brokers, (Id. § 51,) and under certain circumstances the commissioner may suspend the right of a licensed foreign insurance company "to do business in the state," (rd. § 52,) and the legal procedure is provided for appointing receivers "when any foreign insurance company doing business in the state is dissolved," (Jd. § 53.) "Every foreign insurance company doing business in the state" must make annual report of its condition, and publish the same. Id. §§ 54, 55. The commissioner is required to report to the legislature the condition of all such companies "doing business in this state, with the names and locations of their authorized agents in this state," (Id. §§ 56, 57,) and no such foreign company "shall be permitted to do business in the state" unless it has certain paid-up capital, (rd. § 62.) Hence it would seem that the provision quoted, by which substituted service is authorized to be made upon the insurance commissioner, was intended by the legislature to :apply only to such foreign insurance companies as were at the time, or at least had been, doing bU:3iness in the state, or had at the time, -or had had, agents therein doing business for it, who could not be found. Such is the literalism of the statute, said service being provided "in case no agent of such company can be found." This construction is certainly a reasonable one, and would and does provide against the inconvenience and hardship, otherwise, and in the absence of any such or kindred legislation, of compelling the citizens of the state to follow to its domicile of incorporation the insurance company with which he had done business at home, in order to collect a loss under its policy to him, after the company had ceased to do business in the state, or had withdrawn its agents, either voluntarily or by act of the state under its insurance laws shown above. If, therefore, the construction given by the supreme court to the Michigan legislation in St. Clair v. Cox, supra, be correct, it follows irresistibly that substituted service, or service upon an "authorized agent" even, in Maine, can only be supported in case the defendant company is at the time of suit,or has previously been, "doing busi·
747
ness" in the state. The record here does not show that fact, but in effect substantially negatives it, while the pleas and proof of the defendant affirmatively show that it never did business, or had an agent or officer or attorney, in the state. In that decision the supreme court of the United States says: "We are of the opinion that, when service is made within the state upon an agent of a foreign corporation, it is essential, in order to support the jurisdiction of the court to render a personal judgment, that it should anneal' somewhere in the record-either in the application for the writ or accompanying its service, or in the pleadings or finding of the court-that the corporation was engaged in business in the state."
The rec8rd of this judgment shows only that the property insured was located in Maine, and that the plaintiff resided there, and "was interested" in it. It does not show where the policy was executed, where it was delivered, where he gave notice to defendant of the loss, or where he delivered to it the proofs thereof, though presumably, if at all, (which is denied by defendant,) the notice and proofs were sent to New York, where the policy was countersigned, and wllere the loss was "to be paid, sixty days after due notice and proofs of the same shall have been made by the assured, and received at the branch office of the company in New York, in accordance with the terms and conditions of said policy." But the plaintiff here contends that "the very act of insuring property situated in the state of Maine is of necessity 'doing business in: the state;" and he necessarily concedes that the defendant company did not have "an oftice or an agent in the state." There is no proof here that the company ever issued other fire policies covering property in that state, and the question simply is whether the insurance, by correspondence, of property in a state belonging to a resident therein by a foreign insurance company, is carrying on or doing business in such state. If A., a resident of Maine, should, while at Memphis, personally procure insurance on his property there, in a }femphis company, and immediately pay the premium, could it be insisted that the transaction was a }faine one? Or if the owner of a ship or cargo at sea, or in a foreign port, should himself, at Memphis, so effect insurance thereon in such company, would it be contended that the transaction was other than a contract made in Tennessee, or that the business was done elsewhere than in this state? Or, in the case first put, would the fact that the business was negotiated by correspondence make it any less business done here? In the familiar case of U. S. v. American Bell Tel. Co., 29 Fed. Rep. 17, 35, Judge Jackson, in treating of this subject, says: "It cannot be held sufficient to give this court jurisdiction in personam overa foreign corporation, that it has property rights, however extensive, within the district, or that it has pecuniary interests, however valuable, in business; managed and conducted by others. It must itself be carrying on business in its own right, on its own responsibility, and for its own account, and through or by means of its own agents, officers, or representatives, in order'to bring it within the operation of the laws of a state other than that in which it is incorporated, making it amenable to a suit there as a condition of its doing business in such state."
748
FlJlDERAL REPORTER,
An Ohio statl1te w<is:iinvolved in that suit, which the court construedas applying "only to such foreign corporations as carryon business in the state,"using this language: "When a foreign corporation carries on its corporate business, or some substantial part thereof, in this state, by means 01' an agent or representativi' appointed to act here, and having the charge and management of such business, it impliedly assents to be found and sued here in the person of such agent."
In Clews v. Iron Co., 44 Fed. Rep. :31, the president of an Alabama corporation, who resided there, was in New York city for the purpose of negotiating its bonds, and it was held that service upon him in New York was invalid in a suit against the corporation, as by this transaction the defendant could not be held to be engaged in business in the state. "'l'he only business which it did," says the court, "was the borrowing of money upon its bonds and mortgage, and the obtaining' from the stock exchange of the privilege of having such bonds called on the list of secUl'Wes dealt in on its floor. It could apparently have secured this privilege, and could have sold its bonds by correspondence. It kept no office here. It did not continuously, or even for a period of some duration, carryon here the business which it was organized to carryon, and by the regular transaction of which it gave evidence of its continued existence." So, in Good Hope Co. v. Railway Barb Fencing Co., 22 Fed. Rep. 635, where service was made on the president of the defendant foreign corporation which had no office or place of business within the state, and was not engaged in business there except occasionally, to. purchase goods by an agent sent there for that purpose, the service was vacated, although when made the president was in the state to adjust a controversy with the plaintiff growing out of such a purchase; the decision being based on the ground that "the corporation had never been practically engaged in business here. It had made purchases here occasionally, but it could han' made thPlll by correspondence as as by the prpsence of its agents here. If the pUl'chases had been made by correspondence, it eould bp as logically l1I'g'ed that the corporation was en:gaged in doing busj,lPSS here as it can be now." And on the same principle, under simillr facts, was the like decision in St. Louis Wire-Mill Co. v. Consolidated Barb-vVire Co., 82 Fed. Rep. 802. Judge Brewer ruled, in Carpenter v. Air-Brake Co.· rd. 434, that valid service could not be had upon the· foreign defendant corporation by service upon its officers and agents who were running a train of cars in Iowa for the purpose of exhibiting its air brake, the train not carrying freight or passengers for hire; Love and Shiras, ,T,L, concurring in the decision. The question here presented was considered by this COUl't quite at length in 188G in the case of Henning v. Insurance Co., 28 Fed. Rep. 440, which was a suit on a judj,,'lnent obtained in Illinois against the defendant upon service on an agent of the company there, which was a Tennessee corporation, whos," home office was in Memphis. It had no office in Illinois, and no agent there, as required by the law of that state. The insurance was effected
HAZELTINE V. MISSISSIPPI VAl·. FIRE IKS. CO.
749
through a broker in Chicago, "the business all being done by mail." The policies were executed here, and "sent to and delivered at Chicago." The "agent" served was the broker, and the property insured was in 1\1innesota, but the residence or citizenship of tliP plaintiff was not shown. Following St. Clair v. Cox, supra, the defendant's objection to the introduction of the record was sustained, because it did not show that the defendant was doing' business in Illinois. 'What facts are necessary to constitute doing business within a state was not considered by me in the opinion in that case, because the judgment on the preliminary question presented made such an inquiry unnecessary. In Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson, 113 U. S. 727, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 739, the plaintiff, an Ohio corporation, sued the defendants, who were citizens of Colorado, in the latter state, on a contract made there to sell and deliver to them on the cars in Ohio certain machinery. The statute of Colorado required a foreign corporation, before doing business in the state, to file a certain certificate in the countv "in which such business is carried on, designating the principal place where the business of such corporation is carried on in the state, and an authorized agent or agents in the state residing at its principal place of business upon whom process may be served." 'l'he defendants pleaded that the plaintiff had not filed such certificate, and had no place of business in the state, nor agents upon whom process could be served. Plaintiff's demurrer to this plea was overruled below, and the judgment of the circuit court reversed in the supreme court after two arguments. The constitution of that state provides that "no foreign corporation shall do any business" in the state without having a known place of business, and agents on whom process may be served. 1\11'. Justice Woods, for the court, in the opinion says: "Reasonably construed. the constitution and statute of Colorado forbids, not the doing of a single act of business in the sta.te, but the carrying on of business by a. foreign corporation without the filing of the certHicate anll tlIP appointment of an agent, as l'equir,"d by the statute. * * * 'rhe making in Colorado of the one contract sued on in this case, by which onc party agreed to build and deliver in Ohio certain machinery, and the other party to pay for it, did not constitute a carrying on of busincss in Colorado."
'While the facts of the case at bar are not identical in every respect with those in any of the eases just dted, the principles which controlled those judgments apply here, and are controlling, in favoT of the defendant. The English cases also support this judgment, and it may be useful to refer to them as showing how the elastic phrase "carrying on business" or "doing business" gives trouble everywhere, and l'leems to need legislative definition, or else that it should be abandoned for something more explicit. I have gathered some of the more important English cases, though by no means all of them, and they show there as here a curious vacillation of understanding of this phrase. Until very recent years no case of suing a foreign -corporation in the common-law courts of England could be found, it is said; but from very early times corporations were allowed to sue as plaintiffs. The judges began to protest against the want of recipro-
750
l!'EDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 50.
cal fairness in this, and, by an enlargement of the language of modern practice and procedure, acts of parliament, and rules of court prescribed in pursuance of them, they were subjected to suit as defendants.But the narrowest possible limitation was evolved out of the perplexities of the subject, somewhat due, no doubt, to the sensitive jealousy of the Scottish courts to the exercise of jurisdiction over Scottish companies by the English courts. They established the rule, finally, that the foreign corporation must be, in a sense, domiciled in England, very much as if it had been chartered there. The courts say, in trying to define the limitation: Carrying on trade or trafficking in England, even by the instrumentalities of permanent local agents or other appliances, does not necessarily establish this suable domicile for the company; it depends largely upon the nature of the home and foreign business,-what is done in either or both places in carrying on the enterprise of the company; and even the. perpetual running of a foreign railroad upon English soil is held not to be enough,-not to be "doing business" in England in the sense of this suable quality or liability in a foreign corporation. There must be a managing, controlling, or governmental business done by the corporation in England,-a sort of "branch" of the foreign company established there. 'rhe phrase is also instructively conSidered in cases relating to the suits brought against domestic English companies in the several counties of England under acts of parliament regulating the jurisdiction or venue for the local courts. There it received the same construction, though there was some relief against this by a separate rule of jurisdiction in places where the cause of action arose or the injury was done.. I cite the cases chronologically, without attempting to distribute them here. Wilson v. Railroad Co., 5 Exch. 822; Iron Co. v. Maclaren, 5 H. L. Cas. 416, 458; Jngate v. Lloyd Austria Co., 4 C. B. (N. S.) 704; Shields v. Railroad Co., 7 Jur. (N. S.) 631; Newby v. Von Oppen, L. R. 7 Q. B. 293; Mackereth v. Railroad Co., L. R. 8 Exch. 149; Jones v. Insurance Co., 17 Q. B. Div. 421; Lhoneux v. Banking Corp., 33 Ch. Div. 446; Watkins v. Insurance Co., 23 Q. B. Div. 285; Haggin v. Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris, ld. 519; Palmer v. Railroad Co., ·[1892] 1 Q. B. 823. The truth about the matter is that while the obvious spirit of the thing contemplated by our states is that, in the exercise of their dominion over the persons and things situated within their territory, and their conceded power to regulate the terms upon which foreign corporations shall be admitted to traffic with those persons and about those things,they desire to provide, with commendable justice, that whenever the cause of action arises or relates to the persons and things within their respective dominion by the destruction of the property insured, or other injury or breach of contract,. these companies shall submit to judgment there, and the citizens. of that state shall not be forced to go to a distant jurisdiction, tothe corporate domicile, to bring their suit or to get their money. But they do not use apt words to compel this,and the courts, on the language we have here, IDust rule, upon the cases.we cite, that that
.ROMAINE
mUON INS. CO.
751
ol>ject has not been accomplished. The remedy is to amend the legislation, and define the conditions upon which the companies may act, more explicitly. 'Without attempting to decide or define what would be, in any given case, the doing of business by a foreign insurance company in a state other than that of its incorporation, it is sufficient for the purposes of this decision that the facts here do not constitute the carrying on of its business by this defendant in the state of Maine; and especially is this so in view of the lation of that state upon the subject. It follows, therefore, that the service upon the insurance commissioner was not valid to support the judgment sued upon. This would certainly be so in the absence of such legislation, and is probably as certainly so under it. Let the judgment heretofore entered in favor of the plaintiff be set aside, and a judgment entered in favor of the defendant under the sti.pulation entered into at the time, with costs against the plaintiff and the surety on his cost bond. So ordered.
ROMAINE et al. v. UNION INS. CO. et al. (Circuit Court, W. D. 'fennessee. No. 404. ACTION AGAIKST
Apdl 22, 1893.)
Application for insurance was made to an insurance broker in Memphis, Tenn" who ap.plied by mail and telegram to one N., another insurance broker at Cincinnati, Ohio, for the same insurance. N. procured policies from companies having no office nor agents in the state of Tennessee, forwarded the policies to the broker at Memphis, and shared with him the commissions on the premiums. N. was agent of one of these companies at Cincinnati, but he neither had authority to appoint, nor did it appear that he had appointed, subagents at Memphis. No other transactions by defendant companies in Tennessee were shown. Held, that defendant companies were not "doing business" in 'fennessee, or "found" or resident there, so as to render them liable to substituted service, or to service upon the Memphis brokers.
INSURANCE COMPAKy-JURISDlCTION OF COURT.
In Equity. Bill by B. F. Romaine & Co. against the Union Insurance Company and others. Motion to quash service of process to dismiss the cause. Granted. Statement by HAMMOND, J.: pany of the State of Pennsylvania, both "corporations and citizens of the state of Pennsylvania," and the Merchants' & Manufacturers' Insurance Oompany, "a corporation and citizen of the state of Ohio;" the bill alleging- defendants to be "residents and citizens of the various states" set forth in the caption," and plaintiffs to be "residents of the city of New York and citizens of the state of New York." There were other defendants to the bill, but the ·cause has been dismissed as to them. Service on these defendants was attempted respectively by the marshals in Ohio and Pennsylvania, under writs directed to the marshal of this district, but the same was set aside by the (Jourt. Afterwards, under alias process, service was made at Memphis, Tenn., by the marshal here, "personally on Herman Bensdorf, as agent of the within· named Union Insurance Company, and on .Tames E. Beasley and Colton in March, 1886, against the Union Insurance Oompany, the Insurance Com-
This cause was brought by the filing of plaintiffs' odginal bill in this court