380
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 55.
orlght well find that the offense had been committed by the peti. tioner. The prisoner will be remanded to the custody of the marshal, to be held under the commitment of the commissioner, awaiting the order of the president of the United States in the premises, and the writs of habeas corpus and certiorari are discharged.
UNITED STATES v. THOMAS et aL (District Court, D.
west
Vi11PniL April 8, 1893.) track of an electric ranway whereon and by so doing delay the mail, or way, are guilty of the crime of ob3995.
POST OFFICE-OBSTRUCTING MAILS.
Boys who place obstructions on the the United States mails are carried, force it to be carried in some other structing themails.underRev.St. §
At Law. Indictment for obstructing the United States mails. G. C. Sturgiss, U. S. Dist. Atty. G. W. Attkinson and W. H. H. Flick, for defendants. JACKSON, District Judge, (orally.) Gentlemen of the Jury: This case, up to this time, although very brief, has developed a very remarkable state of things in this community,-one that certainly is to be regretted by every one who has any respect for law and order. In a country like ours, where its institutions are based upon the common and free intelligence of the people, especiaJly of the wage-earners, which are supposed to be the foundation of our form of government, it is surprising that people of intelligence should undertake to remodel and reform the obligations that exist between them and their neighbors, or, in other words, to upturn the strata of society. Every man who enters into a contract with his neighbor is under a mutual obligation to his neighbor, and has a reciprocal duty to perform. Contracts are based upon the mutual consent of the parties to the contract, and, if once entered into, the obligation should be held sacred. Now, just exactly what is involved in this question of the strike here, which has brought about all this trouble, I do not propose to investigate. I do not propose to say which side is in the right, nor which side is in the wrong, or whether in fact either side is in the wrong; but I propose to say to these people in this community that there is but one way to redress a wrong known in this country, and that is in the civil tribunals of the land. No men, no set of men, no communistic combination of men, can lawfully undertake to redress a wrong, except in the way pointed out by law.. "Then you attempt to bind yourselves together for the purpose of redressing a wrong, you strike at the very foundation of our government; you strike at the very foundation of those laws which give you the right of a citizen,-the protection of life, of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Why don't you think of these things? Whether the men who have employed you give you too little
UNITED STATES V. THOMAS.
381
wages, or whether the compensation for the senice is too small, is not involved in this case. :Ko man or set of men can compel you to work. ·When you go to a man and enter into his employment, that is a voluntary act on your own part, and, when you enter into an obligation to serve that man for a specific amount, you are bound to do so under the terms of the contract. The moment you enter into it you have reciprocal duties to perform, as well as legal obligations. :Kow, then, if one side breaks the contract, he has a remedy at law. If he does not pay what he stipulates to pay, the wage-earner has a remedy at law to force him to pay the amount. If he thinks the price is inadequate, the moment that his contract is at an end he has the right to cease the labor; or if he thinks it is inadequate, and there is no fixed time, all he has to do is to give his employer notice of the fact, and quit. You have no right to go into a strike, and undertake to stop the transportation of the mails of the United States, undertake to stop the running of the cars of the country, or undertake to stop the business which is carried on on the great highways of the country, and which is the mainspring to the success of a country like ours. If all this is done, then you step upon a right which you have no right to interfere with. I make these general remarks on this occasion with a hope that I may reach the ear of the intelligent masses, that they may see at once the error they have fallen into. Rely not upon combinations and strikes to protect your interests. They are disastrous, stopping your mills, and stopping the enterprises and business of the commnnity which furnish the wage-earner the means to support his home. Do not resort to such measures to stop our manufactures, our mills, or the transportation of the mails of the United States, which is so great and important an element of Oul' country for the comfort and welfare of society. If you take this thing up, and look at it, and ponder over it, and see the result that mnst necessarily follow such a course of action, and the train of circumstances that must necessarily accompany it, you would refuse to enter into these combinations and strikes. But, coming down to the present case, what is the remedy? Here is the evidence in this case. Ah, it is, as one of the wi tnesses said on the stand, when he would remonstrate with the people who were obstructing him, and inform them of his position, the boys would reply, "\Ve want to win the strike." 'l'welve year old boys! I have read of prodigies; I have read the biographies of mere youths, of men like our Hamilton, who took control of the treasury department of this great country when he had barely passed his majority, and lIrought about such vwnderful results. \Ve hear of such cases, but they are exceptional. W1Ien yon see boys 12 years of age te11ing the men who are controlling the operations of the railroad through the city that they "·want to ,vin the strike," you say it is exceptional. Where did the idea come from? \Vhere else could it come from except from the fireside of the father and mother of the boys? \Yho put it in the heads of
382
the boys to assemble there in gangs of 30-odd (for the evidence shows that they sometimes came in gangs of .15, 20, 30,01' more) to do this sort of thing? Do you believe these boys conceived the idea? What could be their object? "Train a boy in the way he should go," and, the adage now is, that he will not soon depart from it; and r begin to think there is a good deal in it·. Taking one step in the wrong direction may lead to the boy's destruction. The first step taken, the second soon follows, and then the· third, and so on to the end; and, when the end comes, bitter, indeed, are the recollections of the parent of the child. r do not recognize the right of any man to make me work when the compensation is too small. When I was practicing at the bar, and a man employed me, I did the best I possibly could for him, but if he did not pay me he could get others, and if I did not serve him well I would expect him to secure some one else. There are two sides to every question, and there are two to this qnestion. In an experience of 31 long years on the bench I have endeavor to discharge my duties without fear or favor, or reo spect of person. I have endeavored to discharge those duties as citizen to citizen. The question involved in this case is in regard to the obstructions placed on the tracks of the Wheeling Railway Company, running through this city to Benwood. The only question to determine is whether these boys placed obstructions on the track, and, if so, whether they caused delay in the transportation of the mails of the United States. If you find from the evidence that this is true, you should unquestionably find them guilty, In support, the government has offered evidence showing a contract between it and the ""heeling Railway Company for the transportation of the United States mails. The obstructions complained of were created in the vicinity of Benwood. Five witnesses, all of them intelligent men, have identified these boys. Five witnesses identified the larger boy, and four identified the younger one. The first government witness, Geisler, a very intelligent man, when giving his evidence, impresses one with the truth of his statements. He said these boys placed obstructions on the track, and that the obstructions delayed the mails of the United States. The next witness, Weigand, was on the car with Geisler, and corroborates his statements. The next one, :Meyers, .a motorman, identified bOtll the boys as those placing obstructions on the track. Grayble, the 'conductor on Meyers' car, identified both. Groves, the mail messenger, rode on the cars frequently, and testified that very often obstructions were placed on the tracks, at times compelling the transportation of the United States mails on other routes. 'fhe evidence shows so.many obstructions that sometimes the cars had to be abandoned, and that the mails had to be transported on other routes, by way of Martin's Ferry, Bellaire, over the Ohio River Railway, and other'routes. Now, then, this is a violation of the statutes imposing a penalty for obstructing the United States mails. The unimpeached testimony of two 1ll0tormeIi and two conductors on two different cars shows that
IN RE BLUMLEIN.
383
these were the boys who placed obstructions on the tracks, delaying the cars, and hindering the delivery of the mails. On one occasion the trolley, I believe it is called, was thrown out, delaying the car. The first witness said he had been struck repeatedly by stones when removing obstructions. Eut, while the boys undoubtedly placed obstructions on the track, some persons older than they are behind them, acting the part of cowards, and do not dare to undertake themselves what they put the boys up to do. They suppose, the boys being mere children, that the courts will not notice what theY did. The counsel for the defense has made as strong a case as possible, and has attempted to set up what in law is called an "alibi," to show that the boys were not at the place when the obstructions were placed. You have heard the evidence, and know whether or not the boys were there. I leave that for you to determine. You know whether they have accounted for all the time necessary to prove an alibi. You have heard the testimonvof severalladv school teachers. There is a good deal of contlict 'there, the testimony of those ladies conflicting with that of other witnesses. 'I'his you must yourself reconcile. The general remarks I have made have nothing to do with this case as to the boys. I have made them for the benefit of the people in the comlllunity, that they may sec the error thev have fallen into. It is for vou to determine, from tIl(' evidence 'you have heard, whether they' are guilty. GClltll'lllen of the jury, you are only to consider the evidence in this case. You have nothing to do with the amount of the penalty to be inflicted, which is only a fine, subject to the discretion of the court. Take the evidence, and decide the case.
In 1'0 BLU1lLEIN et al. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. 1. April 18, 188:1.)
Under the provisions of the tariff act of Mareh 3, pars. 24G, 247, that "leaf tobacco of which 85 per cent. is" suitable fol' wrapp()rs, and of a specified grade, shall be subject to a certain duty, and that "all other tobacco in leaf" shall pay a lowel' duty, the unit upon which the percentage is to be calculated is the bale as packed at the plantation, if such bale is imported without any change other than such as is occasioned by sampling, or for the purpose of transportation, and reaches the hands of the consumer in that condition, through the ordinary channels of com· merce; and duties cannot be asscS<;Cl:l according to the prop(,rtions of the different qualities found in an entire lot, consiRting- of seypral bales, as ascertained by an examination of sample bales. 49 Fed. Rep. 228, affirmed. Falk v. Robertson, 11 Sup. at. Rop. 41, 137 U. S. 225, distinguished. 2. SAME-How QUALITY DETER}lINED. The 85 per cent. clause does not refer merely to size and fineness, but tOo size, fineness, and
CUSTOMS DUTIEs-LEAF TOBACCO-UNIT OF CLASS1FfCATIOJ\.
:Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.