604
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 54.
ing. Where; on petition of creditors, a court of chancery takes possession ofa railroad, and appoints receivers to run and operate it, thepro;perty passes in custodia legis, and the receivers become the representatives of the corporation for the very purpose of protecting and preserving the propertyfor·the benefit of both creditors and stock· holders. While the corporation, as a legal entity, is not disturbed, and its board of directors still exist, with power to guard and pre· serve the franchise, and would resume jurisdiction in management upon the surrender of the property by the court, yet they do not operate or control it while so in court; and I think the evident pur· pose of the statute above quoted was to prevent the enforcement of such liens against the corpus of the corporation simply in rem. It seeks to have the railroad represented in court. To this end it points out who shall be such defendant. It is "any person or corporation owning or operating the railroad." The receivers, in this case, uurler' the power and direction of this court, were at the time of the institution of the foreclosure proceedings in charge of this railroad, operating it. As such, it seems to the court they come within both the letter and spirit of the statute,-a person operating the railroad. It results that so much of the exceptions as applies to the material sued for, aside from the railroad ties, is sustained, and overruled as to the tie'S. . Decree will be entered accordingly, and the coots equally divided. OROOK, L & CO. v. OLD POINT COMFORT HOTEL CO. et aL
(Circuit Court, E. D. ylrginia. February 28, 1893.) CONSTITU'l'IONAL LAW - JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES OVER FORTS, ·-LANDS CEJ)ED'BY STATES.
ETC.,
a
The clause in the ,federal constitution (article 1, § 8, cl. 17) giving the United States exclusive jurisdiction over all places purchased by the con· sent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be for the erection of forts, arsenals, etc;, has only the meaning of an acquisition of land by actual purchase accompanied by a cession of jurlsq,iction by the state; and where is acquired by the United States directly.from the state as ,owner by an act of cession, (as in the case of Fortress Monroe,) the constitutional provision does not apply, and the United States holds the land only by the tenure prescribed in the act of cession. Railroad Co. v. Lowe, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 995, 114 U. S. 525, and Railroad Co. v. McGlinn, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1005,114 U. S. 542, followed. The general laws of Virginia, other than criminal, which are not in con· flict with those of the United States relating to forts, and which do not in· terfere with the military control, discipline, and use by the United States of Fortress Monroe as a military post, are in force at Old Point Comfort, and are especially in force in those parts and places at Old Point Comfort which have been appropriated to other than the military purposes oftha United States.
SAME-FoR'rRESS MONHOE-VIRGINIA LAWS IN FORCE.
8.
SAME-MECHANIC'S LIEN LAWS.
Certain mortgages were given for the purpose of raising money to con· struct the Chamberlin Hotel at Old Point Comfort, and were duly recorded aecording to law in the clerk's office of Elizabeth City county court. Cer· tain liens of mechanics and material men for work arid labor performed on such hotel were also filed according to law. Held, that Code Va. 1887, I 2483, giving mechanics' liens priority over mortgages, applied in this case.
CROOK, HORNER & CO.
v.
OLD POINT COMFORT HOTEL CO.
605
In Equity. Bill by Crook, Horner & Co. against the Old Point Comfort Hotel Company and others, praying for the adjudication of liens, the appointment of a receiver, the completion by the court of the unfinished hotel building of the defendant company, the sale thereof after its completion, and other relief. On exceptions to the master's report. Sustained in part. White & Garnett, for complainant. Tunstall & Thom, for defendant Old Point Comfort Hotel Co. and trustee. Thomas Tabb, Harmanson & Heath, Sharp & Hughes, and R. S. Bickford, for claims of mechanics and material men. HUGHES, District Judge. This case is heard on sundry exceptions to the report of the master in chancery appointed by the court, marshaling the liens resting on the property of the hotel company. This property consists exclusively of an unfinished hotel building of large dimensions and cost, called the "Chamberlin Hotel," and stand· ing on land belonging to the United States by cession from the state of Virginia. The principal question before the court is upon the priority of liens. The hotel building is under a mortgage from the defend· ant company to the Knickerbocker Trust Company of New York city as trustee, executed for the purpose of securing bonds to a large amount, which have been sold for moneys expended in constructing the building. In competition with the mortgage are a number of liens filed by mechanics and others who have expended labor and used material upon the unfinished structure. This mortgage and these liens have been filed and registered in the clerk's office of the county court of Elizabeth City county, Va., in which the lands of the United States at Old Point Comfort lie. They have been registered in pursuance of registration laws in force in Virginia. A principal question in the case is whether the general laws of Virginia, especially her registration laws, are in force in the territory at Old Point Com· fort, or Fortress Monroe, held by the United States under cession from Virginia. The history of the cession, and the legislation ensuing upon it, is as folloWR: On the 1st of March, 1821, the general assembly of Virginir, passed the following act: "Whereas, it is shown to the present general assembly that the government of the "(-'nited States is solicitous that certain lands at Old Point Comfort and at the shoal called the 'Rip Raps' should be, and with the right of property and entire jurisdiction thereon, vested in the said United States for the pnrpose of fortification and other objects of national defense: (1) Be it enacted by the general assembly, that it shall be lawful and proper for the governor of this commonwealth, by conveyance or deeds in writing under his hand and the seal of the state, to transfer, llilllign, and make over unto the said United States the right of and title, as well as all the jurisdiction which this. commonwealth possesses over the lands and shoal at Old Point Comfort and the Rip Raps: provided, the cession at Old Point Comfort shall not exceed two hundred and fifty acres, and the cession of the shoal at the Rip Raps shall not exceed fifteen acres: and provided, also, that the said ces· ston shall not be construed or taken so as to prevent the officers of the state from executing any process or discharging any legal functions within the juris-
606
.;.' '.
,
1'
: .t
diction" Of'terHtory herefuill,reeted to nor to prevent, abolish, or anCJ, priyUege of fishery ll1therto enjoyed au,d u$ed by .tb.l'l ot thls commonwealth within, the limits ,aforesaid: and provided, further., that nothing in the deed of conveyance, required by the ,first section of 'this act, shall authorize the discontinuance of the present road to the fort, orin· any manner prevent the pilots from erecting such marks and beacons as may be deemed necessary. (2) And be it further enacted, that ahould the said United States at any time abandon the said lands and shoal, or appropriate them to any other purpose than those indicated in the preamble to this act, th4l then, and in that the same ahall revert to and revest in this commonwealth. (3) This act shall commence and be in force from and after the passing,
It is evident that this act contemplated the use of this land simply for a fort, and that its use for any other purpose should cause a reboth of title and of jurisdiction to Virginia. Its use for hotel purposes in competition with other parts of Virginia equally favored by nature was not only not contemplated, but by the re"erter clause was forbidden. This is the only act of cession by a state to the United States which contains such a clause. All acts of cession con· tain the provision allowing the service of process. But in the various acts none appear to have this reverter clause. It is to be observed also 'that the title of the government to the lands at Old Point was obtained by direct cession from the state, of land till then belonging to the state; and not by purchase from private individuals within the state, under consent from the state. The importance of this distinction will appear hereafter. In connection with this subject it may be observed that Virginia, in a code ()f general laws paBsed on the 15th day of August, 1849, en· acted, with reference to her cession of lands at Old, Point Oomfort, and over other places within her territory, designated in the act, as follows: "It is hereby declared that this state retains concurrent jurisdiction with the United States over the said places, so tar as it lawfully can, consistently with the acts'(Of cession;] and its courts, magistrates, and otllcers may take such cognizance, execute lluch process, and discharge such other legal functions within the same as may not be incompatible with the true intent and meaning of the said acts." Code 1849, p. 59.
The said hotel was erected, and the use of the public land of the United States on which the same stands, was acquired from the United States, and is held subject to its control and supervision, under and by virtue of the following act: "Resolved by the senate and house of representatives ot the United States in congress assembled, that the secretary ot war be, and he ill hereby, authorized to grant permission to John F. Chamberlin to build a hotel upon the lands of the United States at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, upon such site, and with such plans and dimensions, as may be approved by the secretary ot war: provided, that the state ot Virginta, by its general assembly and governor, shall by proper legal enactment give the consent ot said state to the erection of such hotel, and that the building or buijdings erected shall be removed at the expense of the owner' or owners whenever the secretary of war shall so direct; and no claim for damages by reason ot such removal shall be made upon the government ot the United States: and provided, further, that the building so erected shall be subject to state and national tax· ation as other property. Approved March 8, 1887."
ot America
CROOK, HORNER & CO. 11. OLD POINT COMFORT HOTEL CO.
607
See 24 U. S. St. at Large, p. 648. In accordance with this resolution, the secretary of war granted to John F. Chamberlin perIIl.ission to erect said hotel on the site whereon it now stands, according to certain plans and dimensions, and subject to the restrictions imposed by the joint resolution. On the 30th day of March, 1887, the general assembly of Virginia gave its consent to the erection of the hotel on said lands, subject to certain restrictions and conditions, (see act of said assembly, chapter 11, Acts Ex. Sess. 1887,) as follows: hBe It enacted by the general assembly of VlrgInla, that the consent of the state of VirgInla is hereby given to John F. Chamberlin to erect a hotel upon the lands of the United States at Fortrells Monroe, in accordance with a joint resolution of the congress of the United States, authorizing him to erect a hotel; but the said building, property, or btlSiness connected therewith or transacted therein shall be liable to the same taxes as any other property or licensed business in the commonwealth of Virginia. And this consent is granted upon the further condition that all taxes and assessments upon the said property in favor of the commonwealth of Virginia are to be paid in currency, Il.nd not in coupons."
On the 18th day of February, 1890, Chamberlin sold and conveyed all his rights and privileges under the resolution of congress aud the pernrlssion granted by the secretary of war and the state of Virginia to the defendant company, the Old Point Comfort Hotel Company. Pursuant to the act of March 1, 1821, David Campbell, as governor, made a deed to the United States, which was admitted to record in the county court of Elizabeth City county on December 12, 1838. This deed recites the statute of cession, and grants, transfers, conveys, and cedes to the United States "all the right of property and title and jurisdiction" of the commonwealth of Virginia to the property ceded. In respect to territory derived from the states by the United States, the following clause is embodied in the constitution of the United States, (article 1, § 8, cl. 17:) "Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such Ilistrict (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by cession of particular states and the acceptance of congress become the seat of government of the United States, md to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings."
jurisdiction and on the high seas, it has provided no laws for the government in civil matters of the inhabitants of forts, arsenals, magazines, and dock yards. These places, when acquired in the manner defined by the clause of the national constitution just quoted, are without laws in civil matters, except such general laws as may have been in force respectively in the states from which the United States derived them at the time of acquisition. The land at Old Point Comfort derived by the United States from Virginia has come, un· der various influences, to contain a good many inhabitants. Fortress Monroe is, in area, one of the largest fortresses known to exist. It has been made the seat of an artillery school of instruc·
to crimes committed within places within which it has exclusive
While congress has enacted a complete criminal code in relation
608
. FEDERAL REPOR"l'ER,
tion, which brings together an unu6ual· number of ;andtheir . A very large hotel has .been . there many' 'years, established first for the accommOdation of armyoffieel'S .and their but grown since into a wate'dngplace and sanitarium for the general public. The eastern terminus of the Ohesapeake & Ohio Railroad has been established on this land by the consent of congress and of the state of Virginia. An electric railroad to Newport News, of much importance, has its eastern terminus on these grounds. Under the operation of these causes, a considerablenumber of inhabitants find themselves sojourning, for longer or shorter periods, at Old Point Comfort, upon land held by the'United States. Congress having failed to enact any legislation for the government, in civil affairs, of persons sojourning permanently .01' temporarily at military posts, upon grounds held by the United States, it is important to inquire whether the inhabitants of Old Point Comfort are without law governing their social and civil life, and their transactions in business and commerce, except such as may have been in force in Virginia more than half a century ago. It will have been observed from the cla,use of the oonstitution has been quoted that its language is that congress shall have power of exclusive legislation "in all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, arsenals," etc. This language has been cOIlstrued by the supreme court of the United States in the cases of Railroad Co. v. Lowe, 114 U. S. 525, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 995, and Railroad Co. v. McGlinn, 114 U. S. 542,5 Sup. Ct.. Rep. 1005, in which it was held that the word "purchase," as used in the clause of the constitution under consideration, has not the general technical meaning belonging to it at common law of any acquisition of lands other than by descent or inherltilllce, but has only the meaning of an acquisition of land by actual purchftse. It held, moreover, that whe!e land is acquired by the United States in any other manner than by such actual purchase, with the consent of the state,attended by a cession from the state of all jurisdiction over it, there the clause of the constitution giving the power of exclusive legislation to congress, and giving exclusive jurisdiction to the United States, does not apply. The court held that in this class of cases the United States takes the lands only under such a tenure, limited or unlimited, as tbestate confers by each special act of cession, and that such title is to be dealt with by the courts precisely as if the land had been ceded by the state to a private individual. In the McGlinn Case, describing its decision in the Ft. Leavenworth Case, the supreme court said: "In order that the United States may possess exclusive legislative power over the tract.. * * · they must have acquired the tract by purchase. with the consent of the state. This is the only mode prescribed by the federal constitution for the acquisition of exclusive legislative power over it. When such legislative power is acquired in any other way. as by an express act ceding it, its cession may be accompanied with any conditions not inconsistent with the effective use of the property for the public purposes intended. We also held that it is competent for the legislature of a state to cede exclusive jurisdiction over places needed by the general government in the execution of its
609 ,
powers, the use of the places belp.g in fact as much for people of the state as for the of the UIlited States generally. and such jurisdiction necessarily ending when the places cease to be used for those
the
However much these decisions may have disturbed opinions previously entertained by the legal they are the supreme law of the land, and must be enforced by the courts. An inspection of the act of cession of Virginia conveying to the United States the lands of Old Point Comfort, belonging to herself, and not purchased by the United States, with her consent, from any other owner, and ceding jurisdiction over them, will show that the case falls within the ruling of the supreme court in the two cases of Railroad Co. v. Lowe and Railroad Co. v. McGlinn; and that Fortress Monroe is held by the United States, not subject to clause 17, § 8, art. 1, of the constitution, but only by the tenure prescribed by Virginia's act of cession of March 1, 1821, and her governor's deed of cession of December 12, 1838. These acts contain quite a number of very materiallimitations of the power of the United States over the land at Old Point Comfort, and provide expressly for the reversion of the land to this commonwealth, and their revestment in her, in the event of their future abandonment by the United States, or appropriation to any other purposes than those of fortification and national defense. As to the question what law prevails in places ceded to the United States, the supreme court says, generally, in the McGlinn Case, (page 546, 114: U. S., and page 1006, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep.:) "With respect to laws aft'ecting the possession. use. and transfer of property. Imd designed to secure good order and peace in the community, and promote Its health and prosperity. which are strictly of a municipal character. the rule Is general that a change of government leaves them in force until, by direct action of the new government, they are altered or repealed;" citing Insurance Co. v. Oanter, 1 Pet. 542.
It held specially that where laws thus left in force after the dates of cession reserved in one case a right of taxing certain property on the lands of the United States, and in the other case the right to recover damages for certain acts Of negligence committed on such lands, such provisions of law could be enforced at any time after the cession. But these cases, nor any other decisions of the supreme court that I can find, do not go to the extent of declaring that the laws of a state passed after lands and jurisdiction over them have passed from the state to the United States, affect the inhabitants and business transactions of the ceded localities. Whether such subsequent laws do, is the principal question presented by the case at bar, and, in that respect, is a case of first impression. This question will, of course, be considered by me only with reference to the lands at Old Point Comfort, ceded by Virginia to the United States. In the course of its decision in the case of Railroad Co. v. Lowe, supra, the supreme court says, (page 539, 114 U. S., and page 1002, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep.:) "Where lands are acquired In any other way by the United States wit.h.iIJ the limits of a state than by purchase with her consent. they will hold the lands subject to this qualification, [viz.] that if upon them forts, arsenals, or other public buildings are erected for the uses of the general government, such
v.54F.noA-39
619
FEDERAL. ,REPORTER. vol ·
.54.
with their appurtenances, !llil instrumentalities for the execution of wffi be tree aw such iilterterence and jurisdiction ot the state dwdu1ddestror or imp8b,' their effectiv'e use tor the purposes designed. · · · But when n9t used as suchtnstrumentallties the legislative power ot the state ove;r the places acquired Will be us tirm lWd complete as over any other places within their limits. As lliready. stated, the land constituting the Ft. Leavenworth :Military Reservation was not purChased, but was owned by the UDlted States· by cession trom France :many years betoreKa.nsas became a state; ap.d whatever political sovereignty and dominion the l)'Dited States bad over the place comes from the cllSsion ot the state since her admislll10n into the U!)ion. I t not being a. case where exclusive legislative authority is vested by the· constitution ot the· United States, that cession could be accompaDied by such conditions lIB the state might see tit to annex; not inconsistent with the free and effective use otthefort usa military
," A:nd .on page 542, 1i4 U. S., and page 1004, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep., the court, after saying tha,t over forts apd arsenals not purchased by consent of a state, and over Which, therefore, exclusive jurisdiction is not conferred by the QOnstitlltiOn, it can perceive no reason why the states Should not by their own act grant legislative authority and political jurisdiction to the United States, remarlis that "such cession is necessarily temporary," and that the jurisdiction thus conferred can be exercised, by the United States "only so long as the places continue to be used for the public purposes for which they were acquired or reserved. from sale. "When they cease to be thus used, the jurisdiction reverts to the state." I think it is clear from the foregoing recital that the jurisdictiOIl of the United States over the territory h.eld by th.em at Old Point Comfort is not the absolute, exclusive jurisdiction conferred by the federal constitution over places purchased by consent of states; but is such jurisdiction only as was conferred by Virginia's act and deed of cession. It would seem to be equally cIeal'l that, except as to the parts of that territory not in actual use by the federal government for military purposes, whether appropriated to other purposes or not, the jurisdiction of the state is concurrent with that of the United States, and that such laws of Virginia as are not incompatible with those of the United States a.fl'ecting that territory, and as do not conflict with the free use by the United States of the parts of the land actually used for militaa'y purposes, are themselves in force, and constitute the rule of conduct for the government of all inhabitants there who do not belong to the army of the United States. It is plain that the resolution of congress of March 3, 1887, relating to the Chamberlin Hotel, and the act of assembly of Virginia of March 30, 1887, on the same subject, both treat this hotel and its site as a diversion of that part of the cession obtained from Virginia by the United States from the purposes for which it was ceded. If so, what is the jurisdictional status of that hotel? Has it not reverted to the state, to remain under its jurisdiction so long as it continues to be used ·for other than military purposes, subject to such laws of the state as do not interfere with or conflict with the tree and full. use by the United States, for military purposes, of the rest of the land ceded to and held by them at Old Point Comfort? If this be not true jurisdictional status of the Chamberlin Hotel
CROOK, HORNER & CO. V. OLD POINT COMFORT HOTEL CO.
611
and its site, it would be very dlfflcultto conceive and to define what their status is. It seems to me to b,e a necessary and an inevitable, conclusion that the Chamberlin property has reverted jurisdictional-! ly to Virginia, subject to such continued.control by the United States' as may be necessary to the discipline of the military post and the effective use of the post for military purposes. Subject to these limitations, it results that the laws of Virginia of a general character, such as do not conflict with the purposes for which the United States hold the land at Fortress Monroe, are in force there, especially in the places, like the Chamberlin Hotel, which have been appropriated to other than the military purposes for which only they were ceded by Virginia. If these conclusions be not true, then, except state laws more than half a century old, the hundreds of inhabitants engaged in civil pursuits and residing at Old Point Comfort are living in a No-Man's Land, and, except in a criminal sense, are as complete outlaws as if they were at Botany Bay. I am aware that the argumentum ab inconvenienti cannot be held to enact laws if they do not actually exist; but when reason and legitimate statutory construction show that state legislation is in force in places where, if not, there would be no law at all, the inconvenience of holding otherwise comes in aid of the adopted construction. Let me emphasize the fact that this decision goes no further than to hold that. the general laws of Virginia, other than criminal, which are not in conflict with those of the United States relating to forts, and which do not interfere with the military control, discipline, and use by the United States of Fortress Monroe as a military post, are in force at Old Point Comfort, and are especially in force in those parts and places at Old Point Comfort which have been appropriated to other than the Inilitary purposes of the United States. It is useless to discriminate the case at bar from that of Foley v. Shriver, 81 Va. 568, in which the supreme court of appeals of Vir· ginia held that an ordinary civil process of garnishment could not be served within the Soldiers' Home at Hampton. That land was acquired by purchase with Virginia's consent and a cession of state jurisdiction, and the power of legislation over it became exclusive in congress by force of the federal constitution. In a geographical sense, Fortress Monroe is a part of Virginia, and of Elizabeth City county of Virginia. So far as Virginia has concurrent legislative jurisdiction in the territory held from her at Old Point Comfort, that territory is part of Elizabeth City county; and under the laws of Virginia requiring wills, deeds, mortgages, and liens to be recorded in the clerk's office of the county court of the county in which they are to take effect, such instruments executed by inhabitants of Old Point Comfort are to be recorded in the clerk's office of Elizabeth City county court. The mortgage shown by the record to have been executed for the purpose of securing bonds sold for moneys employed in constructing the Cham· berlin Hotel was recorded in the office of the clerk of the county court of Elizabeth City. Sundry liens of mechanics and material men were also filed within 80 days after the moneys claimed were
612
due, in the sameoftice, for work and material put upon the building of the defendant company. The law of Virginia (section 2483, Code 1887) gives liens of the latter· class priority over. mortgages of the class first named, and this law govern in the present case. Such exceptions to the master's report, therefore, as priority for the liens for labor and material over the general n:ortgages, and were filed within one month after the filing of the master's report, are sustained. KING et aL v. WOOTEN. (CIrcuit Court ot Appeals, Fifth Circuit. No. 70. ,ApPEAL-CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS-WHA'rARJll.
February 6, 1893.)
Certain property in the possessIon of the receIver of a federal court :was levied on and sold for taxes by a state sheI"iff, and the purchaser replevied It from the receiver, who gave a forthcoming bond. The receiver then filed a petition asking the protection of the court appointing hIm, and after hearing it was decreed that the sale was null and void; that the sheriff and purchaser were in contempt of court; that they desist from any interference with the property; that ilie purchaser dIsmiss his replevin action; and that the receiver pay all tAxes due the sherifi'. Held, that this was merely a contempt proceeding,. from which no appeal would lie, for the decree was only for the purpose of protecting the possession of the receiver, and did not determine the ultimate rights of the purchaser, at the sale.
Appeal'fl.'om the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of In Equity:.· Petition by W. H. Wooten, receiver, asking the protectionof the court against T. O. ;:King and Leo Lesser and others as to certain property seized and sold by them for state taxes. A decree was eHtered finding J,'espondents guilty of contempt, and enjoinwith the property. Respondents appeal. ing further Dismissed. W. H. W;ooten was appointed receiver .of a certain sawmill and appurtelO.ances situated in Tunica county, Miss., in a suit styled Wooten & Tarrant vs. Frank. Ingram Co. and others, pending in. the United States circuit court for the western division of the northern district of MissIssippi. While the receiver was in possession of this. property by his agent it was levied upon and sold for taxes by T. O. King, the sherifi' of Tunica county, through his deputy, W. A. Spratlin, and was purchased by Leo Lesser. The recefver having repossessed himself of the property immediately after the sale, Lesser replevied the same from him, and the receiver then gave a forthcoming bond, and had the property again delivered to him. He then flled a petition praying the protecti9n of the court and alleging that he was unaware of the tax c1ll.im until the day foliowing the sale; that he had subsequently made a tender of the amount of all taxes and charges, with 25 per cent. in addition, but that such tender was refused. The petition also set forth the replevin proceedings, and averred that there was a fraudulent combination on the part of the purchaser and the deputy sheriff, to put the title in the purchaser by means of the tax sale, and also that there were ample funds in the hands ot the receIver to pay the taxes. The petition prayed, among other things, tor a rule agalnst the sherifi', his deputy, the purchaser, and his agent, to show cause why they should not be attached for contempt. The rule was granted, and after a hearing the court entered a decree ordering and adjudgiDg as follows: "(1) That Bald sale be, and the same Is hereby, declared