IN RE FITTON. "
471
court of the United States' withih the'district ill' which the matter arises for a review of the questibns"of' involved in such decision." Now "the matter" referred to in this clause of the section is evidently the controversy between the importer, on the one hand,and the government, represented by the collector, on the otber, as to' the rate of duty; and that controversy arises at the port where the merchan,diseis entered and the duties are liquidated. It is a matter or controversy that arises as soon as the importer takes exception to the rate ,of duty assessed by the collector, and notifies him ill writing of the nature of.his objections, required by section 14. The proceeding before the board of general before the appraisers is merely a continuation of the controversy ()QIlector aUhe port of entry. When the notice is given to the collector, the controversy or "matter arises" within the meaning QHhe statute, and the circuit court of"the United States for the district irlwhich the port is situated, where the merchandise is entered ap.dthe duties are liquidated has jurisdiction to review the the, d,ecisiop, of the, board ofappraisets subsequently made in such controversy. The contention of the governrnent thatthe United Sta,tes circuit court for the district where the hoard of appraisers meets and ren<1ersits decision alone has jurisdi,ction to review the decision of the board dQj3fjl not seem to me to be justified by any of the provisions of the act. If it had been the intention of congress to thus limit the trialor all of such cases would no doubt have been to one or two circuit courts, the more clearly expressed. The Illation for an order upon the hoard:ofap.praisers to make a, return of the record and evidence will be sUtitained, and such orderwiU be entered.
In re
FITTON.
(C1Iroutt Court,;D. Vermont. February 12,1891.) 1. EXTRADITION--DIPFERENT OFFENSE-HABEAS CORPUS.
Where a requisition for a fugitive was based on an affidaVit charging larceny, made before a notary pubUc,. in,stead of·before a magistrate, as required by Rev. Idt. U. S. § 5278. and for that reason the governor refused to issue his warrant, and the accused, when told that the defect was merely formal, and would be corrected. though not iuformed of the governor's refusal of the warraut, waived the defect iu writing'. and consented to go at once, stipulating that he was oI;lly to be taken upon the charge hlrceny, and nothing else. he ,is entitled to release on habeas 'corpus from a subsequent arrest upon thecbarge of forgery, and has the same rights as if he. had been delivered up by the.l!'overnor·. and he cannot be proceeded against on any charge 'Otber than that for which he was extradited until opportunity has been given him to'return to the state from which he was extradited.
'of
As a reqUisition for a fugitive from rests altogether on the constitution and laws of the'United States, ,a questIon as to the validity of the arrest and, im· prisonment of the accllsed on the charge of a di1ferent o1fense than .that for which he was extradited is withih toe provisions of Rev. St. U. S. § 753. giving federal courts jurisdiction to issue writs ,of ,habeas oorpus. ' I Where an extra?itedpri80ner who is out is arrested on a di1ferent charge than that for WhICh he was extradited, tile court" in granting a writ of 'IWb'eat TO RETURN., , , : .. ,. , '
, .'.
.',
8.' SAME-Pa0'1tE0'l;,IOIf A.ND
472
FEDERAL REPORTER, vol. 45.
pus, and giving him opportunity to return to the place from which he was brought, will not extend the protection until a reasonab,le time after the proceedings then pending are ended, but will only give him a presentopponunity to return.
Habeas Corpus. Martin H. Goddard and Eleazar L. Waterman, for relator. KiUredge Haskins, for the State of Vermont. WSEELER, J. Application for this writ may be made to a ()ourt or judge. When made to a judge, the writ may be taken into the court of which he is judge. Ex parte Clark, 100 U. S. 399. The circuit court was in session, and, although this writ was issued by the judge, it is taken into that court, and disposed of as ,by the court. }i'ormerly the view was prevalent that when a court had jurisdiction of an offense and prisotier the manner of obtaining ,possession of the prisoner for trial was not material. In re Miles, 52 Vt. 609, (1875j) U. S. v. Lawrence, 13 Blatchf. 295, (1876.) In U. S. v. Rauscher, 119 U. S. 407, 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 234, the supreme court held that a prisoner surrendered under the treaty of 1842 with Great Britain could not be tried for any other offense tiUafterreasonable time to depart,'on the ground that by general international law lithe country receiving an offender against its laws fromanother country had no right to proceed against him for any other offense than that for which he had been delivered up," and that the treaty carried out this principle. The states of the United States are independent governments, and have all the rights of nations, except what have been conferred upon the general government. What was surrendered as to this is set forth in section 2, art. 4, of the constitu.tion of the United States, which provides that"A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, sball, on demand of tbe executive authority of the state from which be fled, be delivered up to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime." Here is no giving up of the right under international law as between the states in respect to the crimes for which the person delivered may be tried. The right to demand is conferred, and the duty to deliver is imposedj' the rest remains as if settled by treaty between the states as nations. The laws of the United States do no more than to prescribe details for carrying out this provision. Rev. St. U. S. § 5278. These require that the person demanded shall be charged with the crime for which he is wanted by un indictment found, or an affidavit made before a magistrate, and that a copy certified as authentic shall be produced as a for the demand. If he is held for another crime committed previously, without opportunity to return, this requirement is nullified as to this crime, and he and the executives are deprived unlawfully of this safeguard. In the Clue of Hope, Gov. Hill of New York, on full argument, applied this principle to the prisoner, who had been brought on a requisition from California,and revoked a warrant for his removal on demand by the governor of Delaware. 40 Alb. Law J. 441. The same prisoner was immediately arrested on a. warrant for anotl::er crime
IN BE FITTON.
473
committed in New York, and discharged by the circuit court for the southern district of New York without a written opinion, as mentioped by Judge BROWN. 41 Fed. Rep. 473. This view was approved by him. In re Baruch, 41 Fed. Rep. 473. The same has been held by the supreme court of Kansas. State v. Hall, 40 Kan. 338, 19 Pac. Rep. 918. These cases are to be followed for the present, at least. This right attaches to the prisoner as well as to the state from whioh he is taken., The relator is entitled to be protected against proceedings for crimes other than that for which he was brought, if he was received on requisition. The relator, by the name of John Rice, was in jail in Troy, N. Y., committed without warrant by police officers. The governor of Vergovernor of New York for him for 18.1'mont made reqnisition on cen'y at Bennington, and appointed John Nash agent to receive bim. The affidavits of the offense were made before a notary, and not a magistrate, as required, and the governor of New York declined to issue a warrant unless they should be properly verified. On being informed of tbe defects, but not of this refusal, the relator signed a waiver of"All demands and defects, if any there be, in the requisition papers now in the hands of officer John Nash, of Bennington. Vt., said requisition papers being issued by the governor of Vermont to the governor of the state of New York, dated Jan. 27th, '91, for my arrest and surrender to the state of Vermont upon the charge of larceny, and it is hereby agreed that I am only taken upon said said charge of larceny, and· nothing else, and I ask to be taken to Bennington. Vt., at once." A police magistrate directed the officers of the jail to "deliver to officer Nash of Vermont the body of John Rice." The jailer thereupon delivered the relator to Nf,il,o, who took mm to Bennington. He was released from the charge oflarceny on bail, and was immediately arrested for intoxication, and held on that charge without trial until he could be arrested on tbe charge of forgery in Windsor county, on which he was held when he applied for this writ. The counsel for the state urges with plausibility that he came to this state voluntarily, and not by force of the requisition. The evidence shows that he was given to understand that the-defects were formal only, and would be cured if he did not waive them, and that he did not intend to waive any immunities of the requisition by waiving the defects. The right of the governor of the demanding state rests upon the constitution of the United States. Kentucky v. Dennison, 24 How. 66. The warrant from the governor of the state where the person charged is found is only necessary for saving the peace of that 'ltate. The waiver accomplished this, and authorized the agent to receive the relator upon the requisition, which he did. When so received, the laws of the United States empowered the agent to transport the relator to the state of Vermont. Rev. St. U. S. § 5279. Whether the relator came voluntarily or upon the requisition is a question offact. Upon this question the testimony and circumstances show very clearly that he came by coercion of the requisition, in obedience to the authority conferred by it. When brought in this manner, he came clothed with
474
FEDERAL nEPQn11ER,
vol. 45.
the same rights as to beingheld upon other charges than that upon which be was brought as if he had been delivered to the agent upon the wari!lUlt<oHbe, governor ofNew York. No opportunity \vhate.ver was given tohinr;to,retum before .a.rrest upbnthe charge upon which he is held. That he was deceived or forced into (laming would afford no ground for hi1prelease in this manner. Inquiry here can only: be made into his rigbtsar.isingout of the proceedings against him under :the constitution artdJaws of the Uriited States. Kerv. Illinois, 119. U. S. 436, 7 Sup . .0t.Rep.. 225. No force or fraud is, however, to be imputed to any of these officers. The agent of the state did not know of the charge of fotgery.when he was using the requisition, and the sheriff, in executing hisw'arranton that charge, did no more than he deemed to be his duty in that .behalf. . .A' question is made whether the federal 'courts have jurisdiction oftbis writ in these cases, when the prisoner is in jail under a state warrant. The jurisdiction is saved in that case when he is detained in violation of the oonstitution or of a:law or treaty of the United States. Rev. St. U;·S.§ 753. The requisition rested altogether upon that constitution and those laws. The violation of a right implied out of them would bell. ,violation of them. Kentuckyv. Dennison, 24 How. 66; Ex parte Reggel, 1l4U. S. 642,5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1148. Suggestion is made that in the exercise of discretion the relator ought to be remanded to seek ralief from the state court, and, on failure there, by a writ of error to that 'court from the supreme court. nut'the laws of the United States provide that the court or justice or judge to whom application is made shall forthwith award the writ; u,nless the petition shows that the party is not entitled thereto, (Rev. St; § 755j) and that the party shall be disposed 'of as law and justice require, (section 761 j) and that this shall be done without delay, (section 759.) Law aud justice, according to the views here taken, require that the relator be discharged from the custody in which he is held for the alleged crime for which he was not brought on requisition until:hehas:had a reasonable opportunity in which to return. The relator insists that reasonable opportunity for return would include the time of. the pendency against him of the proceedings on which he was brought, and that his protection should extend till the expiration ofa reasonable time in which to return after they are ended. But he is not now restrained on that charge, and seems to be entitled only to protection for present return, and one day is deemed reasonable, in view of the facilities available for that purpose. The 'relator is discharged, with protection for one day in which to re'tum to the state of New York.
IN BE BOGGS.
475
. 1'11. re BOGGs. (Circuit Oouf't;:D.Kentuckl/· .February 9.1891.)
t.
SECOND OFFENSE-TWICE IN JEOPARDy-CONsTITUTIONAL LAW.
The Kentucky statute, providing that "every verson convioted a second time of felony, the punishment of which is confinement in the penitentiary, shall be confinel1 in the penitentiary not less than 110uble the time of the first conviotion, and . if oonviotel1 a thirl1 time of felony, he shall be oonfined in the penitentiary hislifej" is not in violation of the fifth amen,dInent of the constitution of the Unitjld .:::;tates, whioh is a limitation upon the power of the general government, and not of the states. " SUIE-FOURTEE:llTH AMENDMENT.
Since the rule established applies equally to all persons convicted a seconcl a!1d third time, the statute is not invalid as being a denial of "equal protection of the laws, "within the meaning of the fourteenth amendment.
Petition for Writ of Habeas CoryU8. John L. Scott, for petitioner. ,BARR, J.This is a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, in which it is alleged that the petitioner, Boggs, is now confined in the Kentucky state penitentiary at Frankfort, under a sentence and judgment of the son circuit court, for the period of his natural life, and that said judgment and sentence is unconstitutional and void. It appears from .the record, made part of the petition, that Boggs has been indicted, tried. and convicted of the crime of grand larceny, that the jury found him guilty of the larceny charged, and fixed his punishment for that larceny at five years'imprisonment in the state penitentiary; and that it also found as a fact, which was charged in the indictment, that he had been previously found guilty and sentenced for the crime of larceny twice before that conviction. The court, under the Kentucky statute and the finding of the jury, sentenced hiinto imprisonment in the penitentiary, where he now is, for the term oihis natural life. The five years of his confinement has not expired, but, as the sentence was for imprisonment for life, it is claimeu the imprisonment is unlawful, being unconstitutional. The Kentucky court of appeals has affirmed the judgment and sentence. Boggs v. O:lm., 5 S. W. Rep. 307. See, also, Taylor v. Com., 1 Duv. 160. . This s('ttles the question as to the state constitution, and, if it did not, we could not consider that question; but it is insisted that this state statute, which provides: "Every person convicted a second time of felony, the punishment of which is confinement in the penitentiary, shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than double the time of the first conviction, and, if convicted a third time of felony, he shall be confined in the penitentiary during his life,"-is a violation· of the fifth amendment of the federal constitution. This amendment is clearly a limita· tion upon the powers of the federal government, and was not intended and isnot a limitation upon the states of this Union. Barron v. Mayor, etc.,7 Pet. 243; Fox v. State, 5 How. 434; Smith v. State, 18 How. 76 . .It is also contended that this statute is class legislation, as it punishes