MARTIN V. ROBERTS.
217
terprise. I entertain a different view of the scope of that decision. In that case a bill was filed by a partner to set aside fl sale of his interest in a firm that had been brought about by the fraudulent representations or conduct of It copartner to whom the sale was made. It also prayed for an accounting and division of the firm assets. It appeared that the original partnership agreement was unlawful in that it contemplated, to some extent at least, the purchase of soldiers' claims for land warrants, before warrants were issued, which was forbidden by an act of congress, but was not otherwise immoral. The court sustained the bill, and granted the relief prayed for, apparently upon the ground that the gal contract was fully executed, and that it was not necessary to enforce the same, or inquire as to the manner in which the firm property, consisting of money, notes, and lands, had been acquired. That case has heretofore been construed as holding, in effect, that suits may be maintained to recover money that may have issued from an illegal transaction, when the transaction has been fully consummated, and the proceeds thereof have been received and carried to the credit of the plaintiff, so that he can show a title to the fund claimed without reference to the illegal transaction out of which it may have originated. Bank v. Bank, 16 Wall. 499, 500; Cook v. Sherman, supra. That case will not justify the court in entertaining the present suit, and the demurrer is accordingly sustained.
MARTIN
et al.
'II. ROBERTS.
(OirfJuit Oourt, D. SouU. Carolina.
September 15,1888.)
1.
PRmCIPALAND AGENT-RIGHT OF AGENT TO COMPENSATION.
The non-resident mortgagees of an island, valuabie principally for its phos< phate rock, employed defendant to look after the investment as their agent. He was at the time agent and manager for a firm which was the largest purchaser of phosphate in the market,. and the assent of his employers was necessary to his acceptance of the agency, of which facts the mortga/!,"ees were informed. Held, that under the law of South Carolina the agent was entitled to compensation fo.r his services, although there was no agreement to that effect.
2.
SAME-AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION.
a
The agent caused the mortgage to be foreclosed, employed a watchman to look after the property, occasionally visited it during a period of eight years, and frequently gave advice and information in regard to this and other investments of the mortgagees. He expected to be remunerated itt part for his services from the management of the property or from its sale, but the mort· gagees terminated the agency without fault on his part, thus destroying these expectations. Held that, under all the circumstances, the agent was entitled to $2,000 compensation. SAME-CONSTRUCTION OF CONTRACT-CONFLICT OF LAwe. A contract of agency, to be performed in Carolina, in which state the agency was accepted, is governed by the law of that state.
In Equity. MitcheU & Smith, for complainants. Inglesby & Miller and Smythe & Lee, for defendants·.
218
FEDERAL REPORTER.
SIMON'rON, J. The questions in this case yet to be decided are: Is the ntitled to compensation at the hands of the complainants? If defendant so, should be the amount compensation? The complainants, ba.nkers in London, of established reputation and credit, ownad certain bonds oUhe Willimans Islan(jPhosphate Company, secured by a first mortgage on Willimans island, in this state. Feeling some apprehension as to the solvency of the company, to with regard,to this investment, which they had made advances, they sought a representative in South Carolina. who could ascertain and look a,fter their interests. To that end they consulted Brown Bros. & Co., the well-known bankers, and on their recommendation they sought the services of David Roberts, the defendant. Mr. Roberts consented to act for them, provided that this met the approval of, and did not conflict with the interests of, Wylie Teacher & Co., for whom Mr. Roberts was manager and agent in this country. The ) result was. the engagement of Mr. Roberts, and his acceptance of the agency. The whole matter was a.rranged by letter. Mr. Roberts began at once to realize the interest of Martin & Co. in their bonds. He caused a suitforforeclosure to he entered by able counsel. The suit, after some necessary delay, was carried to a successful issue. The mortgage was foreclosed, a sale had. and Willimans island and the property thereon were purchased by ,Roberts, in thennIl1e of and for Martin & Co. Thenceforward he took charge of the property fodhem, and continued in charge until he was relieved by Capt. Gardyne, who had been sent out from England by complainants to examine the property, and who was subsequently constituted by them its sole manager. Roberts' period of service was from December, 1875, to Septemper, 1883.. The property thus secured to Martin & Co. by Roberts consisted ofWillimans island, and certain valuable machinery thereon, adapted to the manipulation of phosphate rock, with some other articles of le!'ls value. The island proper is an undeveloped territory, containing, or supposed to cqntain, phosphate rock. To the island is appurtenant the bed of a navigable stream (Bull river) to low-watermark, which had been mined to a considerable extent before Martin & Co. 'purchased. On the island was a small forest, of pine and palmetto trees, principally. The agency of defendant was for the most part as custodian of this' property, protecting the phosphate territory from intrusion, taking care of the machinery, and keeping it in order. To these ends ht' employed a watchman, and occasionally, at rare intervals. visitedtbe ,island, which was at a remote distance from his home in Charleston. . The expenses attending this were paid principally by wood cut from the island under instructions of the defendant, and sold by him .. Besides these duties, the defendant looked after a claim of Martin & Co. against Spofford & Tileston, of New York, in which-through no fault of his, however.......he was not successful. During his agency he Ca.rried on a correspon<iencewith complainants, frequent in its earlier stages, containing all the information he had with regard to the origin, progress, and result of the foreclosure suit in South Carolina, and the steps taken by him in New York. It its later stages it was less frequent, relating to the condition 9f the property, its possible value, containing
-MARTIN V. ROBERTS.
219
advice as to certain other investments concerning whica Martin & Co. made inquiries. Mr. Roberts is a merchant in active business, the sole manager and agent of the firm, the largest purchaser of phosphate in this market; -a man of ability and energy. Nothing whatever is said in the whole correspondence, nothing. was ever said in any interview between him and Martin & Co., on the subject of compensation. When the agency ended, he made up his account current, in which he showed a. balance to the credit of the Martins of some $200. In this he made no mention of any commissions or charges for services of any kind. As this was simply an account current of moneys received .and paid out, and as Roberts did not look for ::JOmpensation to his commissions upon receipts and disbursements, 110 force is attached to this omission. This account was duly vouched. Six months afterwards this bill was filed. Ostensibly it was for an account of his actings and doings as agent; really it was an action for damages against him for misfeasance and malfeasance in the conduct of his agency, a gross and willful betrayal of his trust, with damages laid down at $100,000. Roberts, in his defense, set up the claim for compensation. There being no express contract for payment of compensation, can the defendant recover it? The answer to this question must be found in the law of South Carolina. The acceptance of the agency by Roberts was in South Carolina. The performance of the contract of agency was to be made in South Carolina; The contract is governed by the law of South Carolina. Scudder v. Bank, 91 U. S. 411. The leading case in South Carolina is Ravenel v. Pinckney's Assignee, quoted in Muckenfuss v. Heath, 1 Hill, Eq. 182; Poag v. Poag, 1 Hill, Eq.285, again quoted and affirmed in Le'l:er v. Lever, 2 Hill, Eq. 160. The complainants rest on that case, contending that in this state a private agent is not entitled to any compensation in his agency unless he makes it a part of his contract. This case is not reported, and the facts on which it was decided do not appear. MuckenfU88 v. Heath, in which it is quoted, distinguishes itself from the leading case, and says that it does not apply to its facts. Poag v. Poag accepts it. Lever v.Lever properly goes off on another ground. There the supposed trustee was not held responsible for interest. This was sufficient compensation. The present case rests on this case of Ravenel v. Pinckney's Assignee. What is the full force and of that decision? rhese are all the words of it quoted: "The act of assembly of 1745. allowing commissions to executors, auministrators, guardians, trustees, etc., embraces only that species of agents or trustees therein specifically mentioned, or such as are under the authority of the law and the control of the courts. Factors, commission merchants, commercial agents, and assignees are entitled to (}ommissions from the usage of trade. But the private agent or assignee of an individual is not entitled to any such claim unless he makes it a part of his contract." Muckenfuss v. Heath,! Hill, Eq.183. .
The doctrine here stated, taken broadly, does not commend itself. It certainly cannot apply to every private agent, in the sense that he can get no com pensation, if it be not expressed in his contract, for in Scott v. Baldwicke, 2 Const. (S. C.) 410, an overseer recovered on an entire contract the
\
220
q1lantum meruit· . One can easily understand how a person who voluntarily undertakes to settle or compromise the debts of a friend with money furnished to him for that purpose <:annot deduct the commissions of an assignee without a stipulation to that effect. But it shocks the sense of justice to deny compensation to a· stranger who performs services-a series of services-for another,' in no way connected with him by the ties of blood, friendship, or obligation, especially when in the performance of his duties he has been held tp the rigorous responsibility of a trustee. Distasteful as the doctrine may be, we must apply it, if it reaches this case. Martin & Co. are bankers, engaged in the most important and most liberal department of commerce. In the course of their business they negotiated for the services of Mr. Roberts, a merchant, at the time, to their knowledge, acting as agent and manager of a large commercial house, and of course under their pay. They wanted him to do for them like services, so much alike that the assent of Roberts' principals was a sine qua, non to his employment by Martin. In the transactions of commerce time is money. In business there is no place for sentiment. No services are gratuitous, not expressly declared so. "In the ordinary course of commercial agencies a compensation is always understood to belong to the agent, in consideration of the duties and responsibilities which he assumes, and the labor and services which he performs." Story, Ag. § 326; Bish. Cont. § 219, and cases quoted; If[. § 220, and cases quoted; 3 Add. Cont. § 1401; In the case of Ra'venel v. Pinckney's Assignee, "factors, commission merchants, commercial agents, and assignees are held entitled to compensation from the usages of trade;" that is to say, by immemorial usage iUs distinctly understood that all parsons engaged in commerce, called upon to do services in the due course of business, are ex nece.ssitate entitled to compensatioBj as growing ont of, and .inseparably connected with, the contract of their employment. I am ofthe opinion that the defendant is entitled to compensation for his services, and that this was in contemplation of both parties in the creation and progress of the agency. He cannot be deprived of this, unless it· be shown by the testimony that he has released, waived, or surrendered it fora consideration. This does not appear. What that compensation would be, is the next and most difficult question. There can be no doubt that, when the correspondence between Martin & Co. and Roberts began, and during its progress, the latter counted upon great ulterior results apart from and outside of his present service, to be derived by him from his confidential connection with a banking-house of repute. In his letter, 3d l\1ay,1880, Roberts says to Martin & Co.: "As yet I have been little more than a custodian of your property, and you have had no opportunity of judging me in any other capacity." This suit has defeated this expectation, and for this disappointment there can be no compensation. The reward of his care and services, however, was to come also in part from the management of the property for them, or from its sale, or from some disposition of it. Certainly not from its bare custody; else the consent of Wylie Teacher & (',0. was not neededjand would not have been asked. This precludes
MERCANTILE TRUST
co.
tI. MISSOURI, K. & T. RY. CO.
221
any idea of an annual salary. When Martin & Co. terminated the agency of Roberts, they destroyed any hope of compensation from the management of the property as phosphate territory, or from its sale, or from some other disposition of it. This disappointment can be measured in money. By the former decree in this cause it appears that the agency was terminated without such fault on Roberts' part as to justify the action against him, or such as to deprive him of reasonable reward for services rendered. As we have seen, there is no room for the charge of an annual salary, or for anything like clerkly compensation. Roberts was the agent of a foreign principal, with large powers, employed because of his experience and ability in managing similar interests. He was not employed to do clerical work, or to devote a certain measure of his time; but he was to exercise his judgment. The testimony taken before the special master does not apply to the case, and does not produce the impression desired. His services must be valued as a whole, and the compensation awarded should be in the nature of indemnity, rather than full compensation. Considering all the circumstances of the case, he should be paid $2,000. It is so ordered. Let a decrp,tal order be prepared carrying the result of this opinion into effect; each party to pay his own costs, all other costs to be divided between them. NOTE. Since this opinion was prepared, Mr. H. A. M. Smith has kindly furnished the full text of the opinion in Ravenel v. Pinckney's Assignee. The only point decided in that case is that, under the act of assembly of 1745, commiasions as compensations are allowed only to the classes of agents mentioned specifically in that act. and that no private agent can reserve commissions eo, nomine, unless they be specially contracted for. "But," adds the judge, deciding for the court, "I have no doubt that such an agent is entitled to reasonable compensation for his trouble." It thus appears that the leading case in no way conflicts with the conclusion reached in this case. See MS. decrees, Columbia. 28th March,
Co.
OF
N. Y.
f).
MISSOURI,
K. &
T.
Ry.
CO.
et <d.
(Oircuit Court, D. Kansas. L
October 8,1888.)
RA.ILROAD COMPANIES-BoNDS AND MORTGAGES-FoRECLOSURE.
I!.
A mortgage of railroad property to a trustee to secure certain bonds and interest coupons, providing that in case of demand and default of payment of interest for six months the trustee may enter upon the property, containing a similar provision as to advertisement and sale, and also an article stipulating that both said remedies were cumulative of foreclosure proceedings in the courts, which the trustee should institute at the direction of the bondholder.. "upon default being made as aforesaid," authorizes a bill to foreclose, although the default has not continued six months.
SAME-RECEIVERS:....APpOINTMENT.
That a railroad, heavily mortgaged, has made several defaults in the payment of inte'rest, aggregating over $1,000,000; that the business is decreasing, with probability o.f further decrease from competition with new lines; that it is in need of and improvements; that the bondholders are not in har-