UNITED STATES V. BADEAU.
697
Defendants also claim that the court has no jurisdiction; the amount in controversy not exceeding $500. Inasmuch as its jurisdiction may be challenged at any time, they contend that the court should now dismiss the bill on that ground. The defendants concede that upon the bill alone such a motion would not prevail, it being" possible to infer from the bill, standing alone, the existence of a state of facts by reason of which the amount in controversy might exceed $500." But they contend that "looking through the testimony with a view to discovering the amount in controversy," it becomes evident that there is a total failure on the part of the complainant to show a sufficient amount in pontroversy to sustain the jurisdiction. If, however, this is to be determined by a consideration of the proof as well as the pleading, such determination is neither more nor less than a trial, and must, like other trials, be had at the regular term assigned for such business. The preliminary objection raised by complainant to the hearing of this motion is therefore sustained, and the motion dismissed, for the reasons indicated above. i
UNITED STATES
v.
BADEAU.
(Oircuit Cowrt. S.D. Net/) York.Jul7 8; 1887.)
1.
JURY-QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT-FEES OF O],lI'IOER.
The question in this case, whether a consular officer was entitled to retain certain moneys received by him as received for' non-official services. or whether he was obliged to account for them as received for official acts, held" upon the evidence, not to present a question of fact for the jury; there being no confiict in the evidence as to the character of the acts for which the moneys were received. To refuse an amendment of the complaint on the trial, the effect of which would be to change a fully stated cause of action for money had and received into one upon an account stated, thus introducing technicalities not tending to the promotion of justice, is a just exercise of the discretion of the trial court.
2.
PLEADING-AMENDMENT AT TRIAL-REFUSAL OF.
8.
CONSULAR OFFICER-NoN-OFFICIAL FEES-ACCOUNTING.
Fees received by a consular officer for taking affidavits. acknowledgments, and authentications for individuals, in transactions having no relation. direat or remote, with the official business of the government, are for services not required by consular regulations. and are the personal emoluments of the officer. for which he is not required to account to t):J.e treasury department. The cOnLtruction and interpretation by the state department of the regulations issued to consuls by the secretary of state. defining what acts are to be deemed official and what non-official, are controlling 'as to their meaning in case of doubt, and should conclude the accounting officers of the treasury department.
4.
DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS-INTERPRETATION.
At Law. Stephen A. Walker, U. S. Atty., for the United States. Stephen G. Olarke. for defendant in error.
698·
,FEDERAL REPORTER.
WALLAcE, J. This suit was brought in the district court to recover sums of.money, amounting aggregate to $10,572.64, received by the defendant to the use of the plaintiff between July 1, 1870,. and September 16, 1881, as consul· general of the United States at J"ondon, En-. gland.· In the final account rendered by the defendant to the governmentin December, 1882, he credited the government, and charged himself;>with certain moneys in his hands, less the sum in controversy; which Stun he claimed he was entitled to withhold out of the moneys in his hands, because it represented the amount of fees which he had th.eretofore.erroneously charged against. himself in former accounts rendered to the government. The issue upon the trial was whether the defendant was· entitled to retain these fees, amounting in the aggregate to $10,572.64, as non-official feea, 01' whether they belonged to the government as official fees. The case ,for the government was rested upon the production in evidence of a ,treasury transcript of, the,fl.Gcount of the defendant. The nature of the items charged to the defendant in this account, comprising the sum in controversy, appears in the treasury transcript, so that upon the face of the account it was shown that the defendant had charged himself with fees received for specified acts or services, amounting in the aggregate to $10,572.64; and the only question upon the face of the account was whether these acts or services were official or non-official iIi their character. The for the defendant was rested upon his own testimony that the items with which he had originally charged himself, dOmprisingthe sum in controversy, were moneys received as fees for the acts and services described and detailed in the account,an4 upon further testimony tending to show the interpretation and constructi,6n of the of state in respect to the regulations prescribing the duties of consular officers. ' At the clos.6 of the evidence each party requested peremptory instructions to the jury,-the plaintift',to render a verdict in its favor ; and the defendant, to render a verdict in his favor. The court ruled that the defendant erroneously charged himself originally with, thlil items which comprise the sum incontroyersy ,because they consisted of fees received by him for non-official acts. The counsel for the plaintiff then asked to go to the jury upon the question whether the fees were received by the defendant for non-official ads, but the court instructed the jury to find a verdict for the defendant. The plaintiff has brought this writ of error to review these rulings, and other rulings made during the ress of the trial, to which the plaintiff took There is no merit in the exceptions. to the rulings of the court. in admitting evidence. Even if the testimony received,shouldbe deemed irrelevant, as, the case was not' submitted to ,the jury I the' jury were not misled. ' .. , Neither is there any merit in the exception to the ruling of the court refusing to submit any question of fact to the jury. There was no conflict of evidence as to what the acts were for which the fees in controversy were received by the defendant. Whether they were official or non-official was a question of law. The fees were received. for taking
699
affidavits, acknowledgments, and authentications for individuals in transactions which had no relation, directly or remotely, with the official business of the government. As the law was ruled by the court, if the jury had found against the defendant a$ to any part of the sum in controversy, it would have been the duty of the court to set aside the verdict as against the. weight of evidence. The judge, therefore, properly declined to submit any question offact to the jury. There was no error in the refusal of the court to permit the amendment. of the complaint sought by the plaintiff. The motion was addressed to the discretion of the court. The refusal was also a just exercise of discretion; because the complaint fully set out the facts constituting the cause of action; and an amendment allowing a cause of action for money had and received to be turned into one upon an account stated would have merely tended to introduce technicalities, and would not have promoted justice. The real question in the case is whether the defendant was entitled to retain the items with which he originally charged himself, or whether these items were for fees received by him officially, and for which he was bound to 'account to the government. The district judge. in his disposition of this question upon the trial, assigned reasons for his conclusion that the items represented fees for non-official acts which are entirely to recapitulate or enlarge satisfactory to this court, and it is upon them. It is proper to say, however, that the 'position ta.ken by the defendant that the fees were for services not required by consular regulations,but were for services of a non-official character, which were his personal emoluments, and for which he was not required to account to the treasury department, is flilly sustained and justified by the interpretationand construction placed by the department of state upon the meaning of its own regulations and instructions to consular officers. The president was authorized by section 1745 of the Revised Statutes to designate what services of consular officers should "be regarded as official," besides such as are expressly declared by law. The services for which the fees in. controversy were charged, if they were official, were so be'cause they had been designated as of that character by the president. The president, in the exercise of his executive power, under the constitution, acts through the head of the appropriate executive department. The heads of departments are his authorized assistants in the performance of his executive duties, and their official acts, promulgated in the regular course of business, are presumptively his acts. Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Pet. 498, 513; U. S. v. Aliason, 16 Pet. 291, 302; Confiscation ChseB, 20 Wall. 102, 109; U. S. v. Farden, 99 U. S. 10,19; Wolsey v. Chaproon, 101 U.S. 755, 759. The regulations of 1870 aud 1874 recognize the non-official character of notarial acts, and other acts which a consul may do, "not in his quality of an agent of the federal government, but simply as a citizen of the United States, whose local position and character render him available to his·fellow-citizens for such services as might have been rendered by private individuals." The interpretation placed upon the regulations by
700
FEDERAL REPORTER.
the state department sufficiently appears in the evidence upon the trial. It was the opinion of that department, communicated to consular officers during the time the defendant was in office, and uniformly acted upon by that department, that services like those in controversy were unofficial services. The action of the accounting officers of the treasury department, in disallowing to the defendant the items with which he had erroneously charged himself, seems to have proceeded upon the assumption that they were more competent to determine what acts performed in the state department, by its subordinate officers under its own regulations, are official, and what are non-official, than that department itself. In a difference of opinion upon any such question it is hardly necessary to say that the judgment of the appropriate executive department will generally prevail. The judgment is affirmed.
(OVro'Uit Cowrt, D. Kentuokv. 1887.)
ATTORNEY AND CLIENT-AUTHOlUTY-GENERAL AGENCY.
The fact an attorney has been accustomed to attend to all the litigation which his brother has had, does not, in the absence of instructions or authority from the brother to institute a particular suit, or to sue out the writ of at· tachment therein, constitute him "the agent or attorney" of the brother, who, under Code Pr. Ky. § 550, may make the affidavit in. attachment when the plaintiff is absent from the county in which the proceedings are com· menced.
ATTACHMENT-IssUANCE OF WRIT-AFFIDAVIT BY ATTORNEY-AUTHORITY.
The provision of Code Pl'. Ky. § 550, to the effect that, in the absence of the phtintiff from the county, the affida.vit required by the statute for a writ of attachment may be made by his agent or attorney, intends a relationship of principal and agent existing at the time the affidavit is filed; and where the suit is begun and the affidavit made by an unauthorized attorney, a ratification by the plaintiff subsequent to the i&suance of the writ, of all that had been done in the. case, does not constitute a compliance with the statute, and is insufficient to sustain the writ on a motion to quash.
Motion to Quash Attachment. WiUiam Lindsey and J. D. Hunt, for plaintiff. James S. Pirtle and J. K. Goodloe, for defendant. BARR, J. The plaintiff, who is the brother of the defendant, brought suit in the state court for $10,000 loaned money, and sued out an attachment which has been levied. The defendant, who is a non-resident of the state, was constructively summoned, entered his appearance, and removed the case to this court. He now moves to quash the attachment because, as he alleges, the affidavit upon which it WitS issued was not made by the plaintiff, or by his agent or attorney. The affidavit upon which the clerk issued the attachment was in fact ,made by Henry V.