144
FEDERAL REPORTER.
I
illstrnctions to tbe jury were closed, and they were in the act of retiring, one of their number asked thE\.question, "What effect .shall be given to of the jury in the tn$urance case?" to which the court plied, without suggestion 01' from counsel, "Give it such consideration as you may think it entitled to." Upon reflection.! am satisfied. that this.' instruction was erroneous. Whart. Orirn. Ev. § 602a. And while I feel satisfied that the verdict of thejury is fully justified by without thisinstt,uction, yet I cannot, in the nature of' things, be; assured thllt it didn9t have some appreciable influence on the result., The verdict in the, insurance case, in., connection with the evidence, showed that thejury,iQl finding for the plaintiff, must have disbelievE0 the evidence.bf:thedefendant, and that fact may have had some influence with the jury in thiscaf:!e.infinding that the defendant . ' , was guilty of perjury. !tis to be regretted that thisapptJ.rently jus.t verdict must be set aside on account of this error. But the defendant, whatever may, appear tl> be the merit ,or demerit of his case, is entitled to the verdict of a jury thereon impaneled to try the sarne, wi.thou t reference to the finding or opinion. of anYi-other jury in any other case to which he was not a party. . The, motion for a new trial is, tJ.1lowed, and the defendant is held to. bail to await such trial in .the sum of$2,OOO.
STATJAS 1.'. RIDGEWAY.
(Circuit Oourt, 8. D.Geor,gi""
W: D.,
June 15,1887.)
,I. INSANITY-As A DEFENSE-BtmDEN OF PROOF. When adefiindant sets up" plea of insanity, he assumes the burden of proof to sustain the'plea. j " , The possession of spasmodic and abnormal muscular, strength, coincident with great and continuous wlJ,kefulness, a deranged system, great restlessness, an abnormal of the eye, with a vacant expression, are evidences of insanity. " , STRENGTH.
8.
SAME-MANIA.
A party who believes, that he·has not slept a moment fQr more than eight. years issuft;ering from a mental delusion which amounts to a mania on that subject. ' ..
4. SAME--J>OWER TO DISTINGUlBHBE;TWEEN RIGHT AND WRONG. If one charged with crime possesses that degree of mental intelligence which
enables ll.j):ll to distinguish ,right and wrong, .as to the particular matter involved in the crime for Which lie is on trial,he is held responsible for hi.s action, although he may suffer from a mental aberration on other matters 'not connected therewith. .' .' , ' . ' ,
I.
While the prisoner's manner of testifying, his general bearing as a witness, thefntelligibility and continuity of his testimony, are important matters . to be considered by the jury, these are not conclusive on the q"uestion of his , mental soundness.
SAME-MA.NNER OF TESTIFYING.
UNITED STATES V. RIDGEWAY.
145
JURy-PROVINClll OF-PUNISHMENT.
The jury can have no 'Proper concern with the character or extent of the punishment fixed by the statute.
(liI1I1labu8 by the COU'l't.)
Du Pont Guerry, U. S. Atty., for the United States. Mr. Thurman, for defendant. SPEER, J. (charging jury.) The defendant, Francis T. Ridgeway, is on his trial, charged with the offense of carrying on the business of an illicit distiller, and working in a distillery in violation of law. It will not be· necessary, in view of the. simple and well-understood character of this offense, that the court should give you any definition of what is. in contemplation of the law; an illicit dist.illery, or what is working in such a distillery. That you already understand. The issue to which the inrelates to the question of the guilt structions ofthe court will be or innocence of the defendant on two grounds: (1) Did he carryon the business of an illicit distiller, oJi did he work in an illicit distillery, as charged 'in the accusation? (2) If he did, is he a man of that degJ;'ee of sanity or soundness of mind that he is legally responsiblefor.his actions? . . In ,this, as in all cases. of accusation of crime, it is incumbent on the prosecution to prove its case to 'the satisfaction of the jury, and beyond a reasonable doubt. Here the prosecution relies upon circumstantial eVidence entirely, and in all cases of circumstantial evidence it is the rule that the evidence should so unerringly point to the guilt of the accused, that there will remain no reasonable hypothesis or explanation of the circumstances consistent with ,his innocence. If, however, the circumstances so distinctly and necessarily point to his guiltas to leave no such reasonable hypothesis consistent with his innocence, it is quite as much the duty of the jury to convict as it is where witnesses testify positively to the facts charged in the accusation. The government relies upon these facts: It is in evidence that an illicit distillery was found upon the premises belonging to the defendant, within 300 or 400 yards of his house, with a plain beaten path or roadway from his house to the distillery; that the location of the distillery was such that, in the opinion of the witnesses, the defendant must have known that the distillery was there. It was situated, they say, in a narrow swamp. There were no obstructions between the distillery and the residence of the defendant, save the fringe. of the swamp in whioh the distillery was located. Certain products of the distillery, it is stated, were found at the defendant's house, tending to show that he was connected with it. A portion of the refuse of the distillery "slops," as the witness caUed it, were found in the hog-pen of the defendant, where the defendant's hogs had been fed and were being fed. A worm and a cap. which are necessary parts of the distilling apparatus, were found ina crib near the defendant's house. It is true, however, that it does not appear that the defendant had control of that crib. It is in eviclence, and not disputed, that the crib was under the control of one oLthe witnesses who was introduced,and was used by him v.31F.no.3-10
REPORTER.
for hi!! own purposes; that it was locked; and that witness carried the key to it. It is also in evidence that the lock was of a very simple make and construction, and could be easily opened; ,and it was readily opened by a simple instrument in the hands of one of the witnesses for the government. It is also in evidence on the testimony of that witness, who stated that he owned the crib or controlled it, that he didn't put this worm and cap in the crib, and that it was not there when he left the crib; and locked it that morning or the day before; and it is also in evidence that there was no other man on the premises except the defendant. Now, do these facts so distinctly point to the guilt of the'defendant as to leave no other reasonable hypothesis save, that of his guilt? You will probably look for a reasonable explanation of these circumsta.nces, and,if you can find it, it is your duty' to 'give the defendant the benefit of that doubt, and a.cquit him. But if, on your oaths as oonscientious men, you feel it your duty to conclude that these facts unerringly and reasonably point/toinis guilt, and that there is no other reasonable explanation of them, it is your duty to'convict him; and I <lharge you, further, that you will apply to this question the same rule with regard to reasonable doubt which you are authorized and required to apply to all charges of crime against a defendant. " If you find that there is reasonable explanationofthese criminatory drcumstance8 consistent with the 'defendant's innocenoe, your labors will stop there,aiid it will be your duty to acquit the defendant; or if there is such a dou'bt as to' whether or not there is a reasonable hypothesis Bistent with his innocence, such a,'Qoubtas an 'ordinarily prudent man 'Would a<Jt'onordecline to act on, I then it wouldbe.your duty to acquit the defendant. If, however, you find that these facts do point strongly to his guilt, :utider the rule I have given you, you will then advance to the next inquil'y: Is he, in theopiriion of the jury, upon the,consideration of all the evidence in this case, a man of 1ihl),t degree of menta! soundness that he is responsible for his actions? " Now, the defendant, through his counsel, sets up the plea that he is not'legally responsible, on account of insanity; and upon that subject the burden of proof is on the defendant. As all men, for the purposes of society, are presumed to be innocent until proved guilty, so all men are presumed tobe'sane until the contrary is made to 'appear by proof; and it logically follows that .the man who insists that he is insane has upon him the burden of proof to destroy that presumption to which I have 1Jalled your attention, namely, that all men are presumed to be sane uutil the contrary is proved. . Will you be' justified in conoluding that this defendant is of unsound mind,-so as to render him legally irre'spQnsible for his criminal actions? ,. To determine this you will likewise look to the evidence, and there is much evidence, upon this subject. One witness, Mr. McKibben, a lawyer, testified that 'he had known the defendant since he (the witness} was a boy; that the defendant was "a perfect idiot." Another witness, Judge Anderson, testified that· he had known the defendant; and that while he regards him capable of distinguishing, to a cer-
a
UNITED STATES 'Ii. RIDGEWAY.
147
tain extent,iright from wrong, yet he does not think that he possessed that degree of mental capacity which wCiUld enable him to know that it was wrong to carryon the business of an illicit distiller. Still another witness-another Mr. MoKibbin-had known the defendant since boyhood; that the defendant had certain manias; that he had a mania on the subject of taking medicine; that he heard defendant say that he had for a time lived on a certain patent medicine; that another mania of the defendant was that the defendant took a whole bottle of calomel, (the witness did not state the size of the bottle, and whether it was large or small,) against the protest of those who witnessed the act, who said that to drink water would kill him, ran to the spring, and drank as much water as he could. The witness also spoke of the fact that the defendant, as a young man, was abnormally strong; that he would, at a logrolling, with one hawl pull down the most powerful negro man at t4e handspike, and the defendant would say at such times that one of his "spells" was on him. The defendant himself testifies. He does not say that he is insane, or even intimate that much; but he testifies that he is able to carryon his own business. It appears in evidence, also, that the defendant had a small farm; that he made all the contracts for its control and management. All of the witnesses agree that he is a man of good character; a man of integrity; and they say that they have never heard aught against him. The defendant tells you that he suffers from great sleeplessness, and he testifies on oath that he has not alepts. moment for eight years and some months and some days. Now, gentlemen, that is about all the evidence which has been submitted for your consideration, and upon which you must determine the question here involved. I charge you, gentlemen, that certain elements of insanity do appear in this evidence. For instance, the spasmodic possession of abnormal muscular strength, or unnatural physical power, is laid down by the works on medical jurisprudence as evidence of insanity; not conclusive, however. The characteristic of great wakefulness is an almost invariable attribute of insanity. There are certain other physical characteristics to which I think proper to call your attention in this conneclion; a deranged system; great constipation of the digestive organs; great restlessness; an abnormal bulging of the eye; a dryness about the same organ; a peculiar vacuous expression of the eye which bespeaks a vacant mind. These are all evidences of insanity. But there may be disorder of the mind and great eccentricity existing, which may nevertheless co-exist with a degree of responsibility and intelligence with regard to his actions which will make a man who suffers from that disorder or eccentricity responsible for violations of the law which he may commit. The rule may befairly stated to be this: If he possesses that degree of mental intelligence which enables him to distinguish between right and wrong as to the particular matter or matters involved in the which he is on trial, he is held by the law responcharge of crime sible tor his actions, notwithstanding -he may have suffered generally from delusions, and that he may be the victim of manias on other subjects which do not affect. or relate to the matter about which he is aC-
u.s
cused; and if you find from the evidence here that' the defendant exhib, its great eccentricity, and that he has a disordered mind on the subject of that he suffers from a mania on the subject of sleep, nevertheless, if you believe from his testimony, and from the testimony of all the witnesses, what they say about his reputation for integrity and honesty, and the fact that he carries on his own business to a certain extent,and, from the intelligibility of' his testimony, that he is capable of distinguishing between right and wrong in the matter of violation of the internal revenue laws relating to illicit distilling, it will be your duty to convict him, if you think him guilty otherwise. You will observe that those men who have manias upon certain subjects, and yet who are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong as to the crimes they may commit, will be exceedingly dangerous men to society if they are permitted by the courts of the country to escape because they may be mentally disordered in"other respects. The test is a practical one, a reasonable one, and one which I am quite sure you understand. It is in this case the possession of that degree of mental soundness which will enable the prisoner to distinguish right. from wrong in the matter of illicit distilling. If so, it is your duty to find him guilty; if not, it is your duty to acquit him. And if you have a reasonable doubt, which doubt is caused by the evidence, or the want of evidence, on this point, it is your duty togive him the benefit of that doubt, and acquit him. I repeat that the burden of proof is on him to show insanity. In that connection 'it will be your duty to consider his remark when the revenue officer came to his house, and informed him that they had found a still on his place. He said, "Who reported that distillery? " You will also look to his own mQnner of testifying. and his general bearing as a witness. and the intelligence and continuity of his testimony. While highly important, that is not an unerring'test of mental capacity. Many men who were distinqtly and decidedly insane have been able to converse with great intelligence upon every other subject except that particular subject upon which their insanity existed. Very interesting instances of these are found in the works of medical jurisprudence. One particularly interesting instance was cited by the great advocate, Erskine, on the trial of Hadfield, charged with treasonable assault on George III. There the plea of insanity was set up. Erskine recalled a case where a man had not only conversed with, great intelligence, but had baffled the most skillful interrogatories, by the most expert examiners, in their efforts to show that he was insane, and the jury were about to render a verdict against the keeper of the mad-house where this man insisted he had been improperly confined, when the keeper came into court, and -lirected that he be asked if he was the Lord and Savior of mankind; and the witness immediately said: "Of course, I am the Christ." Then his insanity was clearly perceived.;, Another case was likewise cited by Lord Erskine where a man charged with insanity possessed apparently like intelligence and ability to disconcert those who were examining him, until some reference was made to the princess who was in
EWART
CO. 'lJ. BRIDGEPORT MALLEABLE IRON CO.
149
love with him. He immediately declared that he was truly the object of her affection, and that she had' been writing him letters in cherry juice. These manias mayor may not exist to that extent which will disor,der the mind, and which will render a man irresponsible for his crime. Now, Clearly, from the testimony of the physician, this man suffers from a mania upon the subject of wakefulness. He himself testifies that he has not been asleep for eight years. Either he is dishonest in his statement, or is suffering under a mania in regard to that subject. The physician testifies that this is a physical impossibility. Now, does that mania, or other manias, so disorder his mind on other subjects that he is irresponsible as a criminal? If it is simply a mania on the subject of sleeplessness, and if he has intelligence sufficient to .distinguish between right and wrong, particularly between right and wrong on the subject here involved, namely, that of illicit distilling, it would be your duty to convict him. Something has been said about the punishment which, in case of conviction, the defendant would be subjected. With this !,!ubject you have nothing whatever to do. That is a matter entirely for the court, and I am sure you will feel that you can safely trust the court with that duty, in case you should find it your duty to convict. Thequestion which you, by your,oaths and by the.laware to determine', is the question of the guilt or innocence of the accused,and you will frame your verdict under the rules and instructions I'have given you, after your consideration of the evidence. Your verdict will be the usual diet. If you find that the defendant cominitted the offense, and that he is responsible,-that he knows the difference between right and wrong in the matter of illicit distillation,-your verdict will be, "We, the jury, find the defendant guilty." If you find that the prosecution has failed on either of those propositions, your verdict will be, "We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty." Or, if you have a reasonable doubt, your verdict will be, "Not guilty." As you believe, gentlemen, from the evidence, so youWill find. Retire and make up your verdict.
EWART MANUF'G
CO. v.
BRIDGEPOR,T MALLEA;BLE IRON
Co.
(OVrcuit
D. Oonnecticut. May 20, 1887.)
t.
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-!MP:ROVED DRIVE-CHAIN.
Letters patent No. 154,(1)4 were issued September 1, 1874, to one Ewart, for an improved drive-chain. Reissued letters were granted April 20, 1875, June 15, 1880, and February 15, 1884. The claim of the original patent was for driving-chain links, notched or reduced at a particuiar place, and constructed with coupling hooks; the object of the invention being the construction of a chain capable of easy detachment, but not liable to casual separation. The specification of the third rE/issue differed from the only in clearness of description; the first claim of said reissue being for 'the combination, in a drive'chain, of the coupling hooks, c, and side-bars sufficiently small, close to the end-bars, to pass through the opening of the hook, c, as shown and de-
