GOODYEAR DENTAL VULCANITE CO. V. FOLSOM.
509
gent liability. I am not able to see' how they could have been entered and carried through on the books of the firm. Again, it appears that the money he received from, a certain lumber agent of the firm, and expended himself personally in the business, did not go upon the regular account books kept by the book-keeper, but that he kept that account himself on a separate book. This was as a matter of can" venience, and I cannot say that it was not· allowable. The firm was doing a large lumber and logging business in a new, country. The small mercantile business was merely dental, and it is not to be expected that the books of such a. firm will be kept with the same systematic precision and uni. formity as the books of a banker or merchant in the city. The law wisely refrained from laying down any rigid rule on the subject, leaving each case to stand upon its oWll merits and be judged by .its own and it is very dent that what would be judged as proper and sufficient in one business and in one set of circumstances, might not in another. Upon the whole, I think the finding upon the specifications should be for the bankrupt, and that he should be entitled to his discharge. An order 'willbe entered accordingly.
GOODYEAR DENTAL VULOANITE GOODYEAR DENTAL VULOANITE
Co. 11.
FOLSOM.
Co. v.
SEVERANCE.
(Circuit Court, D. Ne1lJ Hampshire.
July 23, 1880.)
1.
DISTRICT JUDGE-CIRCUIT
COURT-INJUNCTION-REV. ST. f 719.Section 719 of the Revised Statutes provides that "an injunction shall not be issued by a district judge, as one of the judges of a circuit court, in any case where a party has had a reasonable time to apply to the circuit court for the writ; nor shall any injunction so issued by a district judge continue longer than to the circuit court next ensuing, unless so ordered by the circuit court." Held, that the circuit court could issue such writ, when held by the district judge, as fully and freely in all respects us when held by the circuit justice or jUdge. or by two justices.
510
FEDERAL BEPORTEB.
The petitioner in this case presented, by its solicitors, to the circuit judge, at Boston, the following petition: "To the Hon. John LoweU, Oircuit Judge of said Oourt, at Boston: "Respectfully represents unto your honor the said Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Company, that on the seventeenth day of July, 1880, your petitioner filed its bills of complaint in said oourt against the said defendants, charging them with infringement of certain letters patent of the United States, owned by your petitioner, and supported by due affidavits showing such infringement, and afterwards applied to the Hon. Daniel Clark, district judge of said district, then holding said circuit court, for a summons to show cause why interlocutory injunotions restraining such infringements should not issue; that your petitioner is informed by the clerk of said court that the said judge entertains doubts of his authority under the law to issue said summonses or grant said injunctions, unless application therefor is first made to your honor. "Wherefore, your petitioner prays that your honor will forthwith proceed to said district of New· Hampshire, and then and there, as the circuit court of the United States for said district, bear a.nd act upon your petitioner's said applications, or tbat your honor will now so hear and act upon said applications, as to your honor may seem meet "By its solicitors, "BROWNE, HOLMES
&
BROWNE."
LOWELL, C. J. I have been applied to at Boston for an order preceding an injunction in these cases, which are pending in New Hampshire, though the circuit court will be sitting there in a few days, on the ground that the district judge of New Hampshire cannot issue the writ, sitting as the circuit court, when a circuit judge can be found. This point of law I do not agree to. Section 719 of the Revised Statutes contains certain qualifications of the powers of district judges, which had become of little use long before the statutes were revised, "and were supposed by many persons to have been
GOODYEAR DENTAL VULcANITE CO. t1. POLSOX.
511
repealed. That section authorizes writs of injunction to be granted by any justice of the supreme court, and by any judge of the circuit court, in cases where they might be granted by the courts themselves, respectively, with certain limita-tions as to the place where the justice of the supreme court shall hear the application. Then follows the part referred to by the petitioner: "And an injunction shall not be issued. by a district judge, as one of the judges of a circuit court, in any case where a party has had a reasonable time to apply to the circuit court for the writ j nor shall any injunction, so issued by a district judge, continue longer than to the circuit court next ensuing, unless so ordered by the circuit court." At the- present time the district judge has full and uure" stricted power to hold the circuit court, (Rev. St. § 609,) and it is not easy to find a reason for restricting his powers as a judge of the court in any particular. I am satisfied that this section does not mean that the circuit court cannot issue the writ, when held by the district judge, as fully and freely in all respects as when held by the circuit justice or judge, or by two justices. It refers to writs issued in vacation, and "the circuit court next ensuing" shows this quite distinctly. This pa-rt of section 719 is taken from the act of thirteenth February, 1807, (2 St. 418.) In 1842 a statute gave plenary power to the supreme court to make rules in equity, and by rule 55, which is still in force, that court recognizes the equal power of both justices of the circuit court in this particular. Judge Conkling, in his Treatise, (3d Ed. p. 240, 5th Ed. p. 219,) points out that the rule recognizes this equality, and is of opinion that it repeals the statute. He has no doubt that under the power given the supreme court to make rules, by the act above cited, they might repeal such a statute. It is to be observed that the law of 1842 did not contain the limitation which we find in the Revised Statutes, § 917, that the rules are to be "not inconsistent with any law of the United States." Still, it is probable that this was implied. Instead, ,therefore, of saying that the supreme coud repealed the law, :we may sa;Y'that they construed it as not impairing the equal-
519
FEDERAL REPORTER.
ity of the two judges when acting in the circuit court, but as applying merely to writs issued in vacation. It was originally the law that a quorum of the circuit court consisted of two judges. St. 1789, § 4; 1 St. 74. In 1793 power was given to one justice of the supreme court to hold the circuit court when the district judge should be absent or interested, etc. 1 St. 333. In 1802 any judge of the circuit court, being the only one in attendance, was given power to hold the court. 2 St. 156. From this statute has grown up the practice, which had become entirely settled in 1842, and is now fully recognized by statute, (Rev. St. § 609,) that the district judge has as full power to hold the circuit court as is possessed by any other judge of that court. But in 1807 the theory of congress probably was that the regular terms of the circuit court would be held by two justices, as, in practice, they were at that time. The meaning, then, of the statute was that a plaintiff should not apply to the district judge, as such; that is, to a judge as distinguished from the court, if the court was sitting, or was about to sit, in term, so that he had opportunity to apply to what was supposed to be a full bench. Rule 55, in like manner, provides that the writ may be granted by the circuit court in term, or by either judge thereof in vacation, to last until the next term. It must be taken to be the law still, that the district judge not acting through the court, but signing the writ himself in vacation, should not do so when the circuit court is sitting, or can be applied to, and should limit its operation to the next ensuing term. But the district judge has full power to hold the circuit court for all purposes, including this. Such is the plain meaning of section 609, and of rule 55, of the supreme court, and such has been the practice for 40 years. When, therefore, the circuit court is held by the district judge, there is an opportunity to apply to that court, and it has full power in the premises. The reports are full of such cases; for instance, Howe v. Underwood, 1 Fisher, 160, in which case nothing in the record or the orders shows that Judge usual form. Sprague held the court, and the writ was in
CAMPBELL
1.&.11£8.
513
"While sitting as circuit judge his [the district judge's] authQrity was co-extensive with that of any other judge ting in the same court." Sawyer, J., 8 Sawy. 134, The circuit court is the circuit court, and no law requires that the record should show who holds it, and our records, for a great many years, did not show it. A writ issued by that court; is not issued by the district judge. Power is given by this same section 719 to the circuit judge to issue the writ, but it is much J;l1ore doubtful whether he can issue it as judge, aating at a distance from the clerk's office, when the circuit court is sitting, than it is whether the. circuit court held by the district judge can do so. Rule 55 gives the power to a judge only in vacation, and the power of the supreme court to limit and qualify the statute in that respect Ido not doubt. It, in fact, puts all the judges under similar restrictions to those which the statute imposes Oli the district judge. I have, therefore, no power to issue the writ here, and there is no necessity for my going to New Hampshire, The plaintiffs may apply to the circuit court, presently, to be held by Judge Clark, at Portsmouth, for the order to show cause. Petition denied.
CAMPBELL V.
J AM.IllS and others. --,1880.)
(Oireuit
8. D. Ne'IJI York.
L
POSn!ASTER-"OFFICEROll' THE REvENuE"-REV.
ST. § 989.-A postmaster is not an "officer of the revenue" within the meaning tlf section 989 of the Revised Statutes.
Motion to grant a Certificate under section 989 of the Revised Statutes. Stewart L. Woodford, District Attorney, and B. Clarke, Assistant Distric,t Attorney, for the motion. Marcus P. Norton, opposed. BLATCHFORD, C. J. This is a suit in equity for the infringement of a patent. A final decree has been entered in it v.S,no.9-33