BANKS
V.
WEST PUBLISHING CO.
53
the state of Iowa have hereunto set our hands this eighth day of July, A. D. 1880. BANKS & BROTHERS. Signed and witnessed, as to Banks & Bros., June 24, 1880. JOSEPH G. JENNINGS. , JOHN H. GEAlt, Governor. J. A. HULL, Secretary of State. B. R. SHERMAN, Auditor of State. GEO. W. BEMIS, Treasurer of State. (Title III., Iowa Code 1873, page 26.) CHAPTER 2. OF THE CLERK OF THE SUPREME COURT. Sec. 146. The office of the clerk of the supreme court shall be kept at the seat of government, and he shall keep a complete record of all proceedings of the court. . Sec. 147. He must not allow any written opinion of tho cO·,lrt to be ranJOved from his office except by the l'eporter, but shall permit anyone to examine or copy the same, and shall, when required, make a copy and certify to the same. 8ec. 148. He shall promptly announce by letter any decision rendered to one of the attorneys of each side when such attorneys are not in attendance at the place of court. Sec. 149. He shall record every opinion rendered by the court as soon as tiled, and shall perform all the duties pertaining to his office. . CHAPTER 4. -OF THE SUPREME COURT REPORTER. Sec. 154. When the opinions filed at any term of the supreme court are re-corded by the clerk, the reporter may take and retain the same for a period not exceeding four months, to prepare a report therefrom, but within such time they shall be returned to and remain in the office of such clerk. Sec. 155. He shall, as soon as practicable aftflr a case is decided, prepare for publication a syllabus of the opinion, a brief abstract of the facts involved, and a statement of the legal propositions made by counsel in the argument: but the argument shall not be reported at length. Sec. 156. As often as there shall be sufficient matter to constitute a volume of 600 pages, exclusive of the index and table of cases, the reporter shall arrange the same, with a table of cases and an index, and publish the same in a manner ami style as neat aRd substantial as that of the thirteenth volume of Iowa Reports; but the supreme court may increase the size of the volumes when necessary. Two volumes only shall be pUblished in a year. Sec. 157. The secretary of state shall take for the use of the state 500 copies of each volume of such Heports as soon as published, upon presentation of a certificate signed by a majority of the jndges of the supreme court, showing that such volume is prepared and published as provided in this chapter; and shall execute a receipt therefor; upon presentation of which the auditor of state shall draw a warrant on the state treasury in payment for the same I1t the rate of fi ve dollars per volume. None of said volumes shall be sold or dispooed of before the same have reen approved by the judges aforesaid. Sec. 158. The copyright of all .ij.eports prepared or published after the first day of January, A. D. 1875, shall be the property of the state. But the reporter shall own the copyright of all Reports published before that time, and the supreme court may order the publication of a new edition of any volume of -which the copyright is owned by the reporter when the public interest requires it, and may require compliance therewith within six months by an order entered of record; and if the reporter neglects or refuses to comply with .such order, then such copyright shaH be forfeited to the state.
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FEDERAL REPORTER.
Sec. 159. 'rhe copies received by the secretary of state shall be disposed of by him as follows: Two copies of each volume to the library of congress and the library of the supreme court of the United States. one copy to the library of each state and territory in the United States, to each judge of the supreme, district, and circuit courts, to the clerk of the supreme court, and attorney general; fifty copies to the state libmry, to be and remain therein as a part thereof; and one copy to each county in the state; and twenty copies to the law department of the state university; and twenty copies to the state historical society for exchange in such manner as the proper officers thereof think advisable; and the remaining copies, together with all Reports now in the office of governor, secretary, aUditor, treasurer of state, and register of the land-office, and superintendent of public instruction, shall be used by the trustees of the state library in exchange for such books on law or equity, or Reports of other states, as they may select. All books received by such exchange shall be deposited in and become a part of the state library. Sec. 160. 'fhe reporter shall furnish reports to any person desiring the same, at a rate not exceeding five dollars for each volume. For a violation of this' section. and upon conviction thereof, he shall be fined two hundred dollars. (Act of 1880.) CHAPTER 60. SUPREME COURT REPORTS.
An act to provide for the stereotyping, publishing, and sale of the Supreme Court Reports, and to repeal sections 155, 156, 157, and 160, c. 4, tit. 3, of the Code, and to fix the salary of the supreme court reporter. Be it enacted by the (Jeneral Assembly of the State of Iowa: Section 1. That within 60 days after sufficient opinions are announced to make a volume, as herein provided, the supreme court reporter shall furnish and deliver, at his office in Des Moines, Iowa. to the person, persons, or corporation having the contract with the state for publishing the same, copies of sllch opinions; and with each opinion a syllabus. a brief statement of the facts involved, and the legal propositions made by counsel in the argument, with the authorities cited. But the argument shall not be reported at length; and within 20 days after the proof-sheets for a volume are furnished to him by the publishers, at his office in Des Moines, Iowa, he shall furnish to said publishers an index and table of cases to such volume. 'fhe publishers shall furnish to the reporter, without delay, as soon as they shall be issued, two copies of the revised proof-sheets of the opinions, head-notes, indexes, and table of cases of each volume, for correction and approval by the judges of the supreme court, and shall cause such corrections to be made as shall be indicated thereon by said judges. Each of said volumes shall contain not less than 750 nor mure than 800 pages, exclusive of table of cases and index, and the workmanship and quality of material shall in every particular be equal to the first issue of volume 40 of the Iowa Supreme Court Reports, and shall be approved and accepted by a majority of the judges of the supreme court. Sec. 2. The copyrights of all the supreme cOllrt reports hereafter published shall vest in the secretary of state for the benefit of the people of this state; but this shall not be construed to prevent the contractor by whom any volullle is published, his representatives, or assigns, from continuing the exclusive publication and sale of such volume so long as he or they shall, in all respects, comply with the reqUirements of this act in respect to the chal'acter. sale, and price of such volume. Sec. 3. The supreme court reporter shall have no pecuniary interest in such reports. but the same shall be pUblished under the contract to be entered into by the executive council with the person, persons, or corporation who
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shall agree to publish and sell the same on the terms most advantageous to the people of this state, at a price not to exceed two dollars per volume of the size and quality as provided for in this act. And if any such volume shall. in any way. or from any cause, contain more than 800 pages, no increased or additional price shall be charged therefor. Sec. 4. 'fhe executive council shall. commencing in the first week in April, A. D. 181:)0, and every eight years thereafter, ad vertise weekly in six different newspapers in different localities in this state, for the term of six weeks. that sealed proposals will be received at the office of the secretary of state for print-/ ing. pUblishing, and selling the said L{.eports for the term of eight years next after the first day of .June of saiu year, at a certain rate per volume, to be stated in saiu proposal, not exceeding the maximum price fixed by this act, and in accordance with the provisions of this act. Sec. 5. Each bidder shalltleposit with the state treasurer the sum of $1,000 before making his proposal, to be forfeited to the state in case he shall not make a contl'act according to his proposal if accepted, and according to the reqUirements of this act, and shall take a receipt from said treasurer, and deinto the contract herein posit the same with his proposal, and upon provided, or upon the proposal being rejected, the said sum shall be returned. Sec. 6. The successful bidder shall enter into a contract that he will publish the Supreme Court Reports of the state, of the qUality, style, and character in all respects as set out in section lof this act; that he will publish and deliver to the secretary of state, at the capitol in Des Moines, 250 copies free of cost for publication or delivery, at the earliest practicable time, and within 60 days after the delivery of the manuscripts for anyone copy of such Reports to the publishers; that he will stereotype the same, and at all times keep the same on sale in the state of Iowa to residents of this state for actual use at the contract price, in suitable quantities, in the city of Des Moines; that he will furnish the state any number of additional copies that may be required for its own use at the contract price, and procure new stereotype plates whenever the original plates shall become defaced or destroyed; and the said contract shall fully provide for the carrying into effect of all the provisions of this act, and shall be made within 30 days after he is notified of the acceptance of his proposal. Sec. 7. The successful I>idder shall, at the time of making his contract, execute and file with the treasurer of state a bond in the penal sum of $10,000, conditioned to fulfill such contract in all particulars, with at least two sufficient sureties, residents of this state, to be approved by the executive council of the state. Such bond shall, by its terms, be the joint and several obligations of the persons executing it. If the successful bidder shall fail to complete his contract, or shall forfeit the same for any cause, the executive council shall relet the contract as soon thereafter as practicable, in the manner prOVided in this act: provided, however, that such bidder, in lieu of sureties to such bond, may deposit therewith bonds of the United States, payable to the bearer, amounting to not less than $10,000. Sec. 8. The contract of the successful bidder reqUired by this act shall contain, among others, the following covenants on his part: First. That he will not take out in his own name, nor procure to be taken out in the name of any person other than the secretary of state of thiR state, a copyright upon any volume of the Supreme Court Reports published under such contract; and that, upon any breach of this covenant, he will pay to the treasurer of this state the sum of $2.000 as liqUidated damages. {3e(:Qnd. That in case it shall be determined in any action upon the bond of such contractor that he has failed in any respect to comply with the provisions of this act or his contract, the executive council may declare the contractforfeitecl; and that, upon such forfeiture so declaretl. such contractor will, upon demand, transfer to the secretary of state of this state, for the use of the state, the stereotyped plates
56
of each volume of such Report.s published under such contract, or, in default thereof, will pay to the treasurer of this state $2,000 for each such volume, as liquidated damages for a failure to make such transfer; and such failure shall be deemed a hreach of the conditions of such bond, and such liqUidated damages may be recovered by action on such bond. Sec. 9. The supreme court reporter shall receive as his compensation for all services up to the first day of July, 1880, such sums as shall be paid to him by the state under existing laws fm- the publication of the Supreme Cuurt Heports up to and including volume 51. After the first day of July, ISbO, the supreme court reporter shall receive an annual salary of $2,000, payable quarterly, upon the certificate of the judges of said court that he has properly performed the duties of reporter, as required by this act. Sec. 10. Sections 155, 156, 157, and 160, c. 4, tit. 3, of the Code, and all acts and parts of acts conflicting with the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed: provided, that the passage of this act shall not be construed to affect the publication of the Supreme Court Reports up to and including volume 51; but in all other respects the provisions of this act shall be in force from the time it takes effect, as hereinafter provided. Sec. 11. This act, heing deemed of immediate importance, shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the Iowa State Register and the Iowa State Leader, newspapers published at Des Moines, Iowa, anything in section 33 of the Code to the contrary notwithstanding. Approved March 1l:l, 1l:ll:l0.
Cole, McVeycf Clarke, for complainants. . Geo. 13. Young and Henry J. Horn, for defendant West Pub. Co. Wright, Cummins .f W1'ight, for defendant G. B. Pray. BREWER, J. The complainants insist that the state owns,-is the "proprietor," within the meaning of the term as found in section 4952, Rev. St., of the opinions of its judges; that as proprietor it may take out a copyright in those opinions; that chapter 60, Laws 1880, provides for such copyright; and that the contract transfers the benefit thereof to complainants. They further insist that if not within the scope of the act of congress, the state has a common-law property right in the opinions of its judges; that it can determine how they shall be published; and that having contracted with complainants for exclusive publication, the courts should protect them in the enjoyment of this property right. The defendant insists that there is no such thing as a copyright or other property l'ight in the opinions of the judges; deny that the state ever contemplated claiming or contracting for any exclusive right of publication of the opinions; and claim, further, that if complainants ever had any rights, their laches have been sllch as to prevent, the interference of a court of equity. Obviously, these cross-contentions present three important questions: First. The nature and extent of the rights of a state in the opinions of its judges. Second. What has the state by its legislation asserted, and what by its contract did it transfer to the complainants? Third. To what extent are complainants, by their conduct, estopped from the remedy sought? . 1. Has the state, either by virtue of the common law or the copyright acts of congress, any pl'Operty right in the opinions of the judges of
BANKS V. WEST PUBLISHING CO.
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the supreme court? If this question was submitted to me as a new question independent of prior adj udications, I should unhesitatingly answer it in the negative. If such right exists, it carries with ·it the right of withholding publication. But it is a maxim of universal application that every man is presumed to know the law, and it would seem inherent that freedom of access to the laws, or the official interpretation of those laws, should be co-extensive with the sweep of the maxim. Knowledge is the only just condition of obedience. The laws of Rome were written on tablets and posted, that all might read, and all were bound to obedience. The act of that emperor who caused his enactments to be written in small letters, on small tablets, and then posted the latter at such height that none could read the letters, and at the same time insisted upon the rule of obedience, outraging as it did the relations of governor and governed under his own system of government, has never been deemed consistent with or possible under ours. This claim seems to rest upon the idea that the state, as an entity independent of its citizens, or as a whole combined of all its individuals, has a property right in the laws and judicial opinions outside of and beyond that vested separately in each citizen. I conceive this to be an error. Each citizen is a ruler,-a law-maker,-and as such has the right of access to the laws he joins in making and to any official interpretation thereof. If the right of property enters into the question, he is a part owner, and as such cannot be deprived of equal access by his co-owners. Could a majority of a legislative assembly debar the minority from participation in the deliberations or a knowledge of the action of the assembly? The majority may bind the minority to the action it determines, but cannot withhold knowledge thereof. So, the majority of the citizens of a state-in a larger sense, the law-makers-may determine the conduct of all; but can knowledge of what is determined be withheld. This, of course, is more emphatically true as to the statutes, but also true as to judicial opinions, which, though not laws, are official interpretations of law. The mere judgment for or against the plaintiff of course decides the case; but that often furnishes little insight into the questions considered and determined. The opinions, at least those of the highest tribunal, are always considered as official interpretations of law, both statute and common, and as such binding upon all citizens. The same argument which supports the state's claim of property in judicial opinions supports that of property in statutes. Th() state pays the judges, and therefore owns the product of their official toil. The same is true as to legislators. But though such would be my views in the absence of prior adjudications, I find that the English courts generally sustain the crown's proprietary rights in judicial opinions. The first case in the order of time was that of Atkins v. Stationers' Co., decided in the eighteenth year of Charles II., being the year 1666. Atkins, having 8 patent from the crown, claimed the exclusive right to print law books. The defendants had printed Rolles' Abridg-
58
ment. A bill was brought by the plaintiff asking an injunction, which the lord chancellor granted. The, case was appealed to the house of lords. It was there argued that law reports were the king's property because he pays the judges who pronounce the law. 'fhe house of lords took this view of the case, and affirmed the decree be. low. The case will be found reported in Carter's Report, page 89. On page 91 of the opinion it is said: "The salaries of the judges are paid by the king, and the reporters in all courts at Westminster were paid by the king formerly." The next case was that of Roper v. Streater, decided iIi the year 1672, cited at length in 6 Bac. Abr. 507, and in 10 Mod. 106, and in 2 Show. 260. Roper purchased of the executors of Croke a third part of his reports. Defendant, Streator, had a patent or copyright from the king, and printed these reports. Roper brought action against the defendant for wrongfully printing the reports. Defend· ant, Streator, pleaded the king's grant as an owner of the copyright, the question being whether the king or Croke was the owner of the The case was decided in the court of king's bench in favor of the plaintiff, and appeal was taken to the house of lords, and the judgment of the king's bench was reversed, upon the ground that the king was the owner of the copyright, and that the executors of the author of the reports could convey nothing. See 4 Burr. 2316; 6 Bac. Abr. 507. In the case of Company of Stationers v. Parker, reported in Skinner's Reports, 233, Holt, who argued the case for defendant, said, on page 236, that he agreed that the king had power to grant the print. ing of books concerning religion and law. In the case of Basket v. University of Cambridge, reported in 1 W. Bl. 105, and decided in the year 1758, the court of king's bench held that the right to print the acts of parliament belonged to the king. HALE, C. J., in deciding the case, said: "So the year-books, taken at the expense of the crown, gave the king the property by purchase." The chief justice in this case gives the history of the king's right to print and publish certain books at great length, and says: "'fhe king claimed copyrights of acts of parliament before the grant of Henry VIII., and the copyright of the king was still asserted as well to books of religion as acts of parliament;" and in conclusion, on this subject, the lord chief justice says: "The crown, therefore, has no prerogative at common law over the art of printing, but is merely entitled to especial copyrights." In the case of Eyre v. Carnan, decided in 1781, and reported in 5 Bac. Abr. 509, the lord chief baron says: "In the case of Basket v. University of Oambridge it was held that the right of printing acts of parliament rests in the king." . In the case of Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burr. 2305, the copyright of the king to all reports and acts ot padiament was fully affirmed by Lord MANSFIELD in a very elaborate and able opinion. Shortt, in the Law of Copyright, on page 36, states that the ex.
59
elusive right was vested in the king to print the reports of judicial proceedings, statutes, orders of the privy council, translation of the Bible, etc. He further says that the claim of the crown to this copyright has by some been based upon the right of property, by others on naked prerogative; by others on the ground that the expense of the pUblication is borne by the crown; as to the Bible, that the sovereign is the head of the church. Some of the decisions place the right upon the crown, that the crown is bound to see that correct copies of the Bible, laws, and judicial opinions are furnished the people. Others that the crown pays the judges who pronounce the opinions. Blackstone rests the right on grounds of political and public convenience. The king, he says, as executive magistrate, possesses the right of promulgating to the people the acts of state and government. See 2 Bl. Comm. 410. In view of this consensus of opinion on the other side of the waters, of the fact that the common law is in force in this countrv so far as compatible with our system of government and the condition and wants of society, and that a mere change in the locus of the governing power from the crown to the people ought not to work material change in the extent of that power, it may be that due regard for settled law forbids a decision in accord with the views I have expressed. It is worthy of remark, however, that on this side of the waters the proprietary right of the state in statutes or judicial opinions has never been affirmed, unless in a late case in the supreme court of errors of Connecticut. In it the court says: "The judges and the reporter are paid by the state, and the product of their mental labor is the property of the state, and the state, as it might lawfully do, has taken to itself the copyright." On the other hand, in the case of Davidson v. Wheelock, post, 61, decided in this district in 1866 by Judge NELSON, the court refused an injunction to restrain the publication of the constitution and the laws of Minnesota as revised and re-enacted by the legislature. In the course of his opinion the learned judge uses this language: "It is true that such compilation may be so original as to entitle the author to a copyright on account of the skill and judgment displayed in the combination and analysis; but such compiler could obtain no copyright for the publication of the laws only; neither could the legislature confer any such exclusive privilege upon him." When we bear in mind the fact that for years law magazines have been constantly printing in advance of official reports opinions of the various courts, the silence of judicial decision is significant of a doubt, at least, whether the doctrine as recognized in England obtains under our system of government. But I forbear further comment upon this question, and pass to the second. The contract must be interpreted by the legislation of the state. Nothing passed to complainants save as authorized by statute; and to determine the scope of the act nnder which this contract was made
60
we must construe it in connection with other legislation in pari materia. The Laws of 1873 prescribed the duties of the clerk of the supreme conrt, and also provided for the publication of the reports. 'I'hey directed the clerk to record all opinions as soon as filed, (section 149, c. 2, tit. 3, Code Iowa 1873;) required tim to permit any one to take a copy; and to himself make and certify a copy when requested, (section 147, Id.) No larger liberty of access could well be given,-no clearer expression of the intent of the legislature to make the opinions free to all. At the same time those laws provided for the publication of the reports and vested the copyright thereof in the .state. Section 158, c. 4, Id. The publication was given to the reporter, and the contents of each volume were prescribed. In addition to the opinions, he was to prepare and include syllabi, abo stracts of the facts and law questions in each case, table of cases, and index. Sections 155, 156, c. 4, Id. It was this completed volume which was to be copyrighted, a part of its contents being the official interpretations of law by the judges, and the balance mere matters of convenience to the public prepared by the reporter. Construing these different portions of the same statute together, could it be seriously contended that the copyright of the reports nullified or limited the general and unrestricted accoss to the opinions? Is not the only fair construction that the opinions were to be free to all, and the security of the copyright only cast upon the completed volume? Such would be the construction, nnder any circumstances; and especially when, as in this case, the matter declared free is the official interpretation of laws,-matter the most general knowledge of which is of vital importance. Now, the act of 1880 makes no change in the duties of the clerk, repeals no section giving freedom of access to the opinions, and only changes the manner of publishing the Reports. Instead of leaving it with the reporter, it is done by contract. If the opinions were free before, they still are. There is nothing in the act which either directly or by implication asserts on the part of the state a broader or more extensive copyright, or purports to give to the contractor any other rights than were claimed for the state by the Statutes of 1873. How, then, can complainants claim the exclusive right to the publication of the opinions separately? I think the state has made them the common property of all. I indorse fully the language of the learned district judge of the Southern district of Ohio in the case of Banks v. Manchester, reported in 23 Fed. Rep. 143, and think it p81·tinent to the case at bar: "It is in accordance with sound public policy, in a commonwealth where every person is presumed to know the law, to regard the authoritative expositions of the law by the regularly constituted judicial tribunals as public property, to be published freely by anyone who may choose to publish them, and such publications maybe of everything which is the work of the judges, including the syllabus and the statement of the case, as well as the opinion. The copyright of the volume does not interfere with such free publication.
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It protects only the work of the reporter; that is to say, the indexes, the tables of cases, and the statement of points made and the authorities cited by counsel. Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 653; Little v. fJould, 2 Blatchf. 165, 362; Chase v. Sanborn, 4 Clif. 306; Myers v. Callaghan, 5 Fed. Rep. 726; S. C. 10 Biss. 139; Myers v. Callaghan, 20 Fed. Rep. 441."
The conclusion to which I have come upon this second question avoids the necessity of considering the third question. The application for an iniunction will be denied.
DAVIDSON
and another v.
WHEELOCK
and others. l
(Oircu£t Court,
n. M£nneaota.
May 26,1866.)
COPYRIGHT-STATE STATUTES-RIGHT OF COMPU.ER-LEGISLATIVE POWER OIl' STATE.
While a compilation of the statutes of a state may be so original as to entitle the author to a copyright on account of the skill and judgment displayed in the combination and analysis, he cannot obtain a copyright for the publication of the laws alone, nor can the legislature of the state confer any such exclusive privilege upon him.
In Equity. Motion for provisional injunction. Allis If Williams, for complainants. Bigelow cf; Clark, for defendants. NELSON, J. Complainants their bill of complaint and ask for an injunction to restrain the defendants from publishing and exposing for sale and selling two books, the one entitled "General Statutes of the State of Minnesota, prepared by the Commissioners appointed to revise the Statutes of the State by Act of the Legislature passed February 17, 1863," and the other entitled "Appendix to Report of the Commissioners of Revision, embracing the Amendments to the same adopted by the Legislature." The arguments urged by counsel for an injunction embrace no facts not fully set forth in the bill of complaint, and the truth of the matters contained in the affidavit read.. by counsel for the defendants in opposition to the motion seem to be admitted. The whole question depends upon the construction to be given to.the acts of the legislature of the state of Minnesota approved March I, 1866, providing for the printing, binding, editing, and publishing the General Statutes of said state. One of these acts provides for the letting to the lowest bidder of the contract to print and bind the statutes, specifying the kind of type and paper to be used, and embracing all the details necessary to secure a faithful performance on the part of the contractor; and, as an inducement for securing a low rate per copy 1 Reported by Robertson Howard, Esq., of the St. Paul bar. The opinion of Judge NELSON, referred to by Judge BREWER, in Bankl v. Willt Pub. Cb., ante, 50, is here reported for the first time.
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