BROWN V. MUNFORD.
175
the views of J udge WALL are far more consistent with sound law, right, reason, and strict justice. They commend themselves fully to the judgment of this court. The result is, that judgment will have to be entered in fa-vor of plaintiff for the sum of $1,200. The cases especially referred to are State Savings AS8'n v. Kellogg, 63 Mo. 540: Manvillev. Roever, 11 Mo .. App. 317; Buchananv. MeisBer, Ill. Sup. Ct. MS.; Gauch v. Harri8on, Fourth App. Ct. Ill. MS.; Jones v. Wiltberger,42 Ga. !i75: Cole v. Butler, 43 Me. 141: Thomp. Liab. Stockh. §§ 424, 425. It is not to be consid'ered that this court admits that the decisions: of the supreme court of Illinois go to the extent claimed by the fendant, but merely that if they do, this court follows, as more persuasive, the views of Judge WAI.L heretofore referred to. Were any other views to obtain than those here indicated, the double-liability clause would be comparatively futile, for a stockholder could,atpleas-, ure, defeat the rights of a creditor pursuing him, by secilringthe intervention of a friend, or by transferring his claims which he could not use as a set-off, and have them made the basis of a suit against himself, whereby the obligation imposed onhini bv law would be defeated. i :
BROWN V,.
M
(Ci'rcuit Court, E. D. Virginia;
1.
FEDERAL ELECTIONS-SECTIONS
2005,2006, REV. ST.-How CONSTRuED. Sections 2005 and 2006 of the Revised Statutes, although originally contained in the enforcement act of May 31, 1870, which has been repealed, were re-' enacted as they now stand on the twentieth of June, 1874, as part of the law, relating to the electivefranchise, passed by congress in virtue of its general power over federal elections,' and are to be construed as independUi.t enactments.
.
April 16, 1883.)
2.
SAME-REFERENCE BY IMPLIcATIO:N'.
Although these sections may not.refer in terms to federal yet it -is a . necessary implication of law that they do refer to them, having general powers of legislation in 'respect to such elections, and the courtsbeillg bound' to give effect to such 'sections in respect to all elections con-' gress possesses general powers.
J:
SAME-No APPLICATION TO STA'l'E ELECTIONS.
These sections do not, apply to state elections, because in respect to them, in order to be valid under the fiftee,nth amendment to' the constitution, whkh confers only limited powers 'of legiSiation.upon congress over 'state ejections, they must contain apt words bringing them theprovin<;e: 91, .the amendment, which they do not, 4. BAME- VAI,IDrrY UNDER ARTICLE 1 OF CONSTITUTION. The fact' that these sections are not by the fifteenth amendment' does.not rendeI: them null if authorized by article 1 of the constitution.
176
FEDERAL REPORTER.
Action of Trespass on the Case. Edgar Allen, for plaintiff. ' Robert Stiles, for defendant. HUGHES, J. This suit is brought under sections 2005 and 2006 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. The declaration charges that the defendant, who was an officer of the state of Virginia, charged by law with the duty of assessing for taxes all persons in Richmond liable to taxes, and especially with the capitation tax, the payment of which was made by law a prerequisite to voting, deprives the defendant, by refusing to assess him, of an equal opportunity with others to qualify himself to vote in Richmond for representatives in congress at an election held on the seventh of November, 1882, -the plaintiff otherwise a qualified voter. The declaration seems to contain all the avermentsnecessary to be made to bring the case within the scope of sections 2005 and 2006. The case is before us on a demurrer, and no other ground of demurrer is assigned than that sections 2005 and 2006 do not authorize such a 8uitas this, because they are themselves void and of no effect. In argument it was contended that these sections were originally part of the enforcement act of May 31, 1870; that as they stood in that act they were bound by its preamble and context; that as they stood there they applied only to state elections, and could only be valid as to them by anthority of the fifteenth amendment of the national constitution j that in order to fall within the authorization of that amendment it was 'necessary that section 2005 should limit the discrimination between voters, which it made actionable to snch discrimination as should be made on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude; and that as the section correto section 2005 in the act of May, 1870, did not contain words to bring it within the scope of the fifteenth amendment, and section 2005 does not, both are void. It is unnecessary to go back to the now-repealed law of May, 1870, to determine its meaning and validity. We do not pretend now to pass npon any question arising nnder that law, or to construe it. We shall deal only with sections 2005 and 2006 as they stand, stripped of all connection with the act of May, 1870, in the Revised Statutes, and as they were enacted by congress on June 20, 1874, with that revisal. The questions arising nnder this demurrer upon these sections are precisely the same as arose the other day on the demurrer of the defendants in the election case of U. S. v. Munford, post, on section
177
5506, which latter sectipn also was originally part of the enrorcement act of May 31,1870. We then held that that act was now repealed; that section 5506 now stands in the Revised Statutes as a distinct section, stripped of the context and uninfluenced by the preambles and "aforesaids" of the act of 1870, by which we might originally have been bound to construe it; that it stood upon its own terms and language as a law enacted in 1874: as part of the chapter of the Revised Statutes relating to crimes against the elective franchise; that although it may not refer in terms to federal elections.. yet it is a necessary implication of law that it does refer to them, congress having general powers of legislation in respect to such elections, and the courts being bound to give effect to the sec.tion in respect to all elections over which congress possesses general powers. The very saIqe question is presented by the demurrer in this case in respect to section 2005. We have only to adhere to'our ruling made the other day in the election case. We hold that section 2005 to the act of May, 1870, as part was passed by of the laws of the Revised Statutes relating to the elective franchise; that it was passed iIi virtue of the general powers of congress over federal elections; that it is not, necessarily, to be construed in connection with the preamble and context of the act of May, 1870; that it was enacted independently of such context, as it now stands in the Revised Statutes, on the twentieth of June, 1874; that congress must be held to have applied it to federal elections whether express language was used to that effect or not; that it does not in its present form and status apply to state elections, because, in respect to them, the section, in order to be valid under the fifteenth amendment, which gives only limited powers of legislation over state elections, must contain apt words bringing it within the province of the amendment, which words are wanting; that the fact that the section is not warranted by the fifteenth amendment does not render it null if it is authorized by article 1 of the constitution; and that if the discrimination com· plained of in this suit resulted, as alleged, in depriving the plaintiff of the privilege of voting equally'with all others entitled to vote in a federal election, the declaration is good. The demurrer is therefore overruled. See U. S. v. Wri,qht, ante, 112, and U. S. v. Bader, ante, 116.
v.16,no.2-12
178.
DUFF, Assignee, etc., v. BINDLEY. District COu1't, W. 1.
n. PennBlJZv,ania.
February 20,1883.) IN-
'l'ROVER TO RECOVER VALUE OE' TIMBER BOLD BY OWNER OF UNDIVIDED TEREST IN LAND.
It being by statute unlawful for an owner of an undivided interest in timber land to cut down or remove from the land any timber trees having first obtained the consent of his co-tenaJ;lts, and, as against his non-consenting co-tenants, his sale of lumber manufactured out of timber so cut or removed passing no title to his vendee, held, in an action of trover against such vendee by a non-consenting part owner, that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the value of his interest in the iumber as of the date of the defendant's conversion, with no allowance for the expense and labor of the trespassing vendor.
TIMBER FELLED TREA'l'ED AS REAL ESTATE.
TimberunlawfuUy cut down by an owner of an undivided interest in the land without the. consent of his co-tenant, and still lying upon the land at the time of the marshal's sale of the undivided interest in the land of the non-consenting owner, who had not eleCted to treat the felled timber as personalty, remains part of the freehold, and the interest of the defendant in the execution therein passes to the marshal's vendee as realty.
At Law
L. B. Duff, for plaintiff. Knox et Reed, for defendant. ACHESON, J., (charging jury.) This is an action of trover, brought by Levi Bird Duff, assignee in bankruptcy of John Carrier. and Andrew F. Baum, aga,inst Edwin Bindley, to recover damages for the wrongful convera.ron of certain lumber, boards, etc., made from timber cut from a trl;tct efland numbered 2009, situated in Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. This tract, by a deed dated March 13, 1868, was conveyed by John Dubois to John Carrier, AndrewF. Baum. and Robert Osborne, who took and held the land as tenants in common, owning equal interests-one-third each. About the year 1876, the interest of Osborne in·the land became vested in James W. Riley and J. T. Stockdale. Carrier and Baum were duly adjudged bankrupts in the year 1874,and their interests passed to their assignee in bankruptcy. Prior to the commencement of the proceedings in bankruptcy, however, Smith and McGregor obtained a judgment in the circuit court of the United States for the western district of Pennsylvania against John Carrier, and the assignee in bankruptcy took Carrier's title, subject to the lien of that judgment. The judgment was dilly revived, and upon an execution issued thereon the United States marshal, on the nineteenth of June, 1879, sold the interest of Carrier in the land