UJ'jJTED &TATES V. BHINN.
441
Our conclusion is that the attempted purchase of the interests of the complainants; in the lands in question by the defendant Barney for himself and his assoCiates was and is void, and that the complainantS.are entitled to a decree so decla.ring, and to an accounting. The case will be J:eferred to a master to take further proof and report to the conrt as follows: (1) The number of aCJ:esof land sold or disposed of out of the lands described in the bill sipce September 9, 1871, the dates of sales, theprice8 at whioh sold, and the sum total realized therefor. this sum total the master will add interest on the several (2) sums at7 .per cent. per Rnuumfrom the. date when received, and from deduct the sums received by complain. tbe total thus obtained ilonts respectively from defendant Barney; also .llol1 necessary and reasonable expenditures by the defendant, or anyoftbem, in making sUl,lh sales, and for the Pl1yment of taxes, with like interest on each of said SUP1s.· (3) And he wi!l find and report what sum, if any. is due the com· plainants as their share of the proceeds of such Bales· . (4) Said master will also find and what nnmberof acres of said land remains unsold, and a description thereof. NELSON,
D.
J., concurs.
UNITED STATES .,. SHINN.
(Otr/Juit OO'U'1't, D. Oregon. December 16, 1. AFFmA'r.T USED UNDER TIMBBR-CuLTURE ACT. By virtue of section 5 of the crimes act of March 3, 1857, (11 St. 2M" and seetion6 of the timber-culture act of June 14, 1878,(20 St. 130,) an affidavit taken before a county clerk of this state may be used before the regiRter and receiver in any proceedbg or question arising under said last-'llam<.>d act in which an affidr.vit is allowed or authorized by any law of the United States or regulation of the land department thereof; and it such affidavit is willfully and knowingly or corruptly false in any material matter, an indictment for perjury may be maintained thereon in the proper United States court. 2. PERJURY,. Swearing to a false statement is not perjury unless the matter material to the issue, question, or purpose about or for which the statement is made, or unless it is intended and calculated to give probability to a material statement or cr,edibility to the affiant. .
448 3.
FEDERAL REPORTER.
TIMBER-CULTURE ACT-COMPLIANCE WITH.
A person entering a quarter section of public land under the timber-culture act must break not less than five acres thereof within a year after his application therefor, and cultivate the same in some annual crop the next year, or it will be deemed abandoned; and planting the five acres in timber or cuttings is not such cultivation.
Indictment for Perjury. Jnmes P. Watson, for the United States. G. W. Walker and Cyrus Dolph, for the defendant. DEADY, D. J. By the act of March 13,1874, (18 St. 21,) "to encourage the growth of timber on the western prairies"-commonly called "the timber-culture act"-it is provided that any head of a family orperson of the age of 21 years, etc., "who shall plant, protect, and keep in a healthy growing condition, for eight years, 40 acres of timber, the trees thereon not being more than 12 feet apart each way, on any quarter section of the public land," or in like proportion on any less legal subdivision thereof, shall be entitled to a patent therefor at the expiration of eight years, and on making proof of the facts. A party applying for the benefit of the act make affidavit that the "entry is made for the cultivation of timber," and on filing the same with the register and receiver, and on payment of $10, he shall be permit. ted to enter the quantity of land specified. A party entering a quarter section under the act must also "break 10 acres" thereof the first year, 10 the second, and 20 the third year after the date of such entry, and "plant 10 acres of timber the secoud year," 10 the third year, and 20 the fourth year after such entry; and in a like proportion for allY less subdivision. If at any time after the application, and prior to the issuing of the patent for the land, the claimant shall abandon it, or fail to comply with any of the requirements of the act, the same "shall be subject to entry under the homestead lews, or by some other person under the provisions of this act;" the party making claim to said land, either "as a homestead settler or under this act," shall at the time of filing his application give such notice to the "original claimant" as may be prescribed by the land-office; "and the rights of the parties shall be determined as in other contested cases." By the act of June 14,1878, (20 St. 113,) this act was amended so as to require the party to plant and keep only one-fourth the number of acres in timber, and "to break or plow five acres" of a quarter section "the first year, five acres the second year, and to cultivate to crop or otherwise the five acres broken or plowed the first year;" the third year to cultivate in like manner "the five acres
UNITED SUTES V. SHlNN.
449
broken the second year, and to-plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the five acres first broken or plowed,' and to cultivate and put in crop or otherwise the remaining five acres, and the fourth year to plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings the remaining five acres;;' and in like proportion for any less subdivision. Parties who had made entries under the act of 1814 are allowed by the act of 1818 to complete the same by complying with the provisions of the latter act. On March 4, 1882, the defendant was accused by the grand jury of the crime of perjury in making an affidavit to institute a contest concerning a tract of land claimed under these acts. The defendant demurs to the indictment, for that the facts stated therein do not constitute a crime. From the indictment it appears that on January 7, 1878, one Reuben Kinney entered, at the office of the La Grande land-district, upon application No. 77, the N. W. t of section 28, in township 5 N., of range 34 E., of the Wallamet meridian, situate in Umatilla county, Oregon, under the timber-culture act of Maroh 13, 1874, supra; that on January 31,1881, the defe'ndant made an application to the register and receiver to e.nter said quarter seotion under the timber-culture act as having been abandoned by the original claimant, and for the purpose of procuring a oontest between, himself and Kinney concerning the right of the lAtter to the premises; at the sl'me time ad an affidavit, subscribed and sworn to by himself on January 28, 1881, before the oounty clerk of said county, in which it was the act under which he had stated that Kinney had not complied entered the land in these among other particulars: "(1) T'.J.at said Reuben Kinney did not, at any time within one year from the date of his said entry No. 77, break or plow five acres, or one-siyteenth, of the land covered by said claim, and did not in fact do any plOWing upon said claim during the first year, after filing said claim; (2) that said Reuben Kinney did not, at any time during the second year, or at any time prior thereto, cultivate, by raising a crop or otherwise, five acres, or one-sixteenth, or any other portion of the land included in said claim No. 77."
Upon which perjury is assigned as follows: "That the said affidavit is false, and not according to the truth, in this: (1) The said affidavit states that the said .Kinney' did not in fact do any plowing 011 said claim during the first year after filing said claim, (meaning application 77, aforesaid,) whereas, in truth and in fact, and the defendant well knew it so to be, the said Kinney did some plowing on said land dUring the spring .of 1878.' (2) The said affidavit states that said Kinney I did not, at any time during the second year, or at any time prior thereto, cultivate,
v.14,no.8-29
450
'
by raising a crop otherwise, five acres, or one-sixteenth, or any otherp01'land included tn said c:aimN:9. 77,' whereas, in truth and in fact· . defendant well knew the fact S<'. to be. the said Kinney did, during said second year, cultivate the said tract of land. and did, in the month o! January, 1879, 10 acres of said land, and. in December of said year. did hltrrow and said 10 acres, and mark the sarnein squares four feet apBlrt each way, and'did,'during,said December. plant seven acres of said ten acres to cuttings, placing one slip or cutting at the corner of each of said squares." tionof
or
, On the argnment of the demurrer the fonowing points were made: (1) That the county clerk was not authorized or empowered to administer the oath in Ci '1estion; (2) that the first assignment of perjury is upon an immaterial statement in the affidavit, and the second bue does not show the falsity of the sta,tement upon whioh it is made, and no crime. is charged in the indictment. . It was also assumed that the indictment. was found under seotion 5392 of the Revised Statutes, which substanti8l11y provides that a person whotakesari ollth before a competent officer, in any case in which authorizes an oath to be administered, a law of the United -that he wiUtestify truly, and then "wilifully and contrary thereto states any material matter which he does not believe to be true," is glliltyof perjury. Doubtless this section is comprehensive enough to include thiacase, if the clerk of the state court was authorized by any laW' United States or regulation of the land-office to administer U. S.v. Bailey, 9 Pet. 238. The fac.t of iia being taken the before a state officer authorized " to administer oaths generally," (Or. Code of Civil Proc. § 856,) and that it was actua.lly used in a case in which the law of the United Sta.es authoril!les an oath to be used, may of itself be sufficient to bring the case within the section. U. S. v. Bailey, 8uprtl. Nor does it expressly appear that a person attempting to claimlln abQndoned timber-culture entry is s'lthorized or required to file wiLhhis application therefor a statement of the facts constituting such abandonment, or, if so, to make oath thereto. But it is understood to be the practice in the land department that when one person desires to enter land under the homestead or pre-emption acts already covered by the entry of another, which he deems invalid or abandoned, that tb e former makes and files with the register and receiver a verified statement of the facts constituting such invalidity or abandonment, npon which such officers, iftJ.ey deem the matter sufficiwt, "institute," as it is called, a contest· between parties, in which evidence is taken pro and con, and a decision made for or against the entry.
UNITBD"S'liTBSV. SmNN·
4M
. In4 Copp, Land-Owner, 21,theT6 are, two decisions by the tary of the interior under the timber-culture act (March 19 and April. 2, 1877) in: which the statement by the contesta.nt concerning the entry of the other is denominated an '!affidavit of contest," ognized as a lawful and authorized part of the proceedings. The act (section 5) authorizes the commissioner of the general land-office to make rules and regulations for carrying it into effect, and prli ,rides that contests under it shall be determined as in other cases. But the act (section :6) e'ipressly provide's that section 5 of the crimes act of March 3,1:857, (11 St. 250,) "shall extend to a.ll oaths, affirmations, and affidavits required or authorized" thereby. The effect of this provision is to make said section 5 a part of the timberculture act, and to provide that an indictment for perjury committed in taking an oath authorized by it must· be found ,and is triable under said section, rather than section 5392 of the Revised Statutes. This section provides.. That in all cases where an oath, affirmation, or affidavit ... ... ... shall be made or taken before any person authorized by the laws of any state or territory of the United Htates to administer oaths or affirmations, or take affidavits, and such oaths,affirmations, or affidavits are ... ... '... used or filed in any of the said local land-offices [of the United States] or in the general land-office, as well in cases arising under any or either of the orders, regulations, or instructions concerning any of the public lands of the United States, issued by the commissioner of the generalland-office or other proper officer of the government of the United States, as under the laws of the United States, in anywise relating to or affecting any right, claim, or title, or a.ny contest therefor, to any public lands of the United States, and any person or persons shall. taking such oath, affirmation, or affidavit, knowingly, willfully, or corruptly swear or affirm falsely, the same shall be deemed and taken to be perjury, and, the person or persons guilty thereof shall, upon conviction, be liable to the punishment prescribed fOl' that offense by the laws of the United ,States." ,
I
I I I I I I
I I
The county clerk is an officer authorized to administer oaths by the laws of this state, and the oath in question was filed and used in a local land-office of the United States in relation to a claim to a portion of the public lands, and to affect a contest for the same. Assuming, then, as I do, that this affidavit, made and uaedas it was, is an act or proceeding authorized or recognized by the regulations of the land department as a meanS of instituting a formal inquiry into the validity or abandonment of a prior entry of a tract of the public land or a contest between adverse claimants to the same, this oath is within the purview of section 5 of the act of 1857, and perjury may be assigned on it wit,h the same effect as if it had been taken before an
452
FEDERAL .REPORTER.
officer expressly authorized by a law of the United States to administer it. The materiality of the matter upon which the first assignment is made, and the sufficiency of the seeond one, remain to be considered. The matter must be alleged to be material, or it must appear to be so upon the facts stated. Where the facts are disputed, the question should he left to the jury, with proper instructions from the court. But when the facts are admitted the question of mflteriality is one for the court. 1 Whart.Crim. Law, § 1284; State v. Bailey, 34 Mo. 350. In this case the "affidavit" is alleged to have been material upon the application of the defendant. to have a contest instituted to try the question whether Kinney had not forfeited his right to the land entered by him under the timber-culture act, by a failure to comply with the same in the particulars therein mentioned. But it is not alleged that any particular statement in the affidavit upon which perjury is assigned was so material, but only the affidavit as a whole. The matepality of \his statement must be determined, then, by its relevancy to the inquiry or issue suggested or made by the affidavit. The timber-culture act requires the party making an entry of a quarter section under it to break and plow five acres thereof the first year. If he breaks any appreciably less quantity,-as only four and four-fiftlls acres,-it is not sufficient. He has failed to comply with the act,and the land is open to entry by another. During the secondyear he must break and plow another five acres, and cultivate to Crop or 0therwise t.he five acres broken the first year; and to "cultivate to crop or otherwise" is not "to plant in timber, seeds, or cuttings," but to sow or plant in wheat; corn, clover, potatoes, or other annual crop which may be cultivated and harvested or gathered during the year. The word "otherwise," so far as it has any signification, must be construed in connection with the preceding words, "to cultivate," so as to limit its application to some act or process which involves, primarily, the improvement or amelioration of the soil. And it is very plain that it does not include the planting or care of timber trees, which is placed by the act in contradistinction to the cultivation of the soil, the latter being intended, apparently, as a preparation for the former. The question concerning which this affidavit was filed and used, so far as this assignment of perjury is concerned, is this: Had Kinney complied with the act, during the first year after making his entry, by breaking five acres of the land during that period? The affidavit . states that Kinney did not plow five acres the first year, and adds
UNITED STATES V. SaINN.
453
that, in fact, he did not plow any portion thereof during said period. The inaictment alleges that the latter statement is false, because Kinney did do "some" plowing during the first year, and thereby impliedly admits that he did not plow five acres in that time. Of course, the statement that Kinney plowed no portion of the land during the first year, taken unqudlifiedly, was material to the inquiry, because it is at least equivalent to saying that he did not plow five acres. But it is negatived and falsified by the indictment in a nar· rower sense, as that he did not plow "some" portion of the land, which may be not more than a single furrow. But the inquiry or issue was not whether' Kinney had plowed "some" of the land during the first year, but whether he had plowed as much as five acre's of it. The plowing of any less quantity was altogether immaterial, and the statement; taken in the sense that he did not plow "some" portion of the premises, was irrelevant and superfluous. A conviction cannot be had upon an assignment of perjury linless it be on a matter material to the issue. For instance, if the question is whether certain goods havB been paid for or not, and a witness tes· tifies that they have, and on a particular day, and in fact the goods were paid for, but on another day, this is not perjury, because the day was not material, but only the payment. But when the superfluous or collateral m.atter is calculated and intended to prop and bolo the testimony of the witness on some material point, as by cloth.. ing it with circumstances which add to its probability or strengthen the credibility of the witness, the case is otherwise. I;3utwhen the alleged false oath only goes to a fact; the existence or ,non-existence of which cannot affect the question in dispute, then it is not perjury. The administration of the law is not impeded or affected by it. 1 Whart. Crim:. Law, §§ 1276, 1277.; Plath v. BraunsMrf, 40 Wis. 111; State v. Bailey, 34 Mo. 850; Pollard v. People, 69 Ill. State v. Aikens, 32 Iowa, 403. As the matter on which the first assignment is made, and the sense in which it is negatived, was not directly material to the inquiry in which the affidavit was used, nor in any way calculated to strengthen or make more probable the material statement therein that the full five acres had not been plowed, it must be held immaterial, and the indictment so far bad. As to the second assignment, it is insufficient because it does not appear therefrom that any statement of the affidavit is false. The defendant swore that Kinney did not, during the second year, cultivate, by raising a crop or otherwise, five acres of the land, nor any
,4:54
FEDERA.L REP,OBTEB.
,other podion of. it. The last part of this statement is a,s nothing less than the cultivation of the full five acres is a com· pliance with the act. But the indictment does not show the falsity of any part of the statement. True,' it alleges generally that the statement is false, but pro. ceeds to state wherein and why, . . . in so doing impliedly admits its . truth. The statement is false, says the indictment, because Kinney plowed and harrowed ten acres a! the land during the second year, c!ose<;>f it planted s.even of such acres in "cuttings" four and near feet apart each way. But this is not the cultivation of the five acres to a crop, as required by the act, and therefore these facts do not negative or contradict the affidavit. From this it only appears that Kinney broke ground and planted '''cuttings'' during the second year, and not that he cultivated five acres of the land as he was bound to do. The demurrer is sustained. , '
MORGAN
and others v. BASS and others. August 9, 1882.)
(Ci1'cuit Comt. D. Indiana. L LAND INCLUDED IN A VANAL-TITLE.
The owners of a canal have a right of 'landing and of using the bank of the canal in a manner consistent with the rights of navigation; but if the canal is to be filled up, and not used for the purposes of navigation. the title of purchasers of such canal and its appurtenances would not extend beyond what might be regarded as the highest water line. The title of owners of land abutting on a canal extends to tI,e line of such canal, subject to the use of the bank of such canal by the canal ownersfor purposes of commerce and navigation.
2. SAME-TITLE OF ABUTTING LAND-OWNERS.
At Law. Mr. Ellison and Mr. Ninde, for plaintiffs. Mr. Taylor and Mr. Bell, for defendants. DRUMMOND, C. J. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiffs in this case, under the instructions of the court, and' the defendants have made a motion for a new trial. It was an action of ejectment brought for a strip of land about 17 ·feet wide, more or less, lying on the canal basin, and claimed to be the northern part of lots 562 and 563 of Hanna's addition to Fort Wayne. Lots 562 and 563 were each 50 feet wide, and bounded on the east by Harrison street, on