FEDERAL
,UNITED STATES V. EAST TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA.
& GEORGIA.
R. CO.
(Oircuit Oourt, E. D. Tennes8ee. 1882.) RAILROADB-REv. ST. § 4386-UNLOADING SHEEP, ETO. Section 4386 of the Revised, ,Statutes of the United States,. imposing a pen-
alty upon railroads carrying sheep, swine, etc., if they allow such sheep, swine, etc., to be more than 28 consecutive hours confined without unloading them for at least five hours for rest, water, and feeding, does not apply to Ii sheep, swine, etc.,jrom a point within a state to anothetr point therein, but only to such as convey swine, sheep, etc., from one state to another.
KEY, D. J. This is an aetion for a penalty under sections 4386 «"seq. The declaration alleges ;that defendant is a .railroad company operating a line of railroad. over which cattle, sheep, swine, and other animals are conveyed.from Georgia and, Tennessee to Virginiaand other states; and that defendant received and loaded upon its cars at Limestone, Tennessee, a lot of swine consigned to Chattanooga, in said state; and that they did not have .proper food, water, space, and opportunity to rest, and were confined for more. than 28 consecutivehourt:! without being unloaded for rest, food, and water, and that inconsequence the penalty of $500 imposed by the statute has been incurred. Defendant demurs to this decla.ration upon the grounds-First, that the declaration shows that the swine were shipped within the state to a point within the state, and therefore the transaction faUs not within the terms of the statute; second, if the t.erms of the statute embrace such a case, the statute is unconstitutional, because it interferes with the internal commerce of a state, in so far as it applies to such a transaction as the one alleged in the declaration. So far as I know or am informed the questions raised under this stat. ute have not been before our court.s for adjudication. I have been referred by the district attorney to Hall v. De Cui"., 95 U. S. 481, as bearing by analogy upon this case. In that litigation the state of Louisiana had passed a law for the regulation of the business of carriers of passengers within the state. This law had been disregarded by the defendant in that action, who was running a steam-boat from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Vicksburg, Mississippi. The plaintiff had got upon the boat at New Orleans to be carried to a landing on the Mississippi river, called Hermitage, in Louisiana. The points of embarkation and destination, as well as the river between them, were in Louisiana. A judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff in the inferior court of the state, and affirmed upon appeal
UNITED STATES
v. EAST
TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA. & GEORGIA R. CO.
643
to the supreme of the state, whence it supreme court of the United States and there say:
taken to the The court
,. The river Mississippi passes through or along the borders of 10 different states, and its tributaries reaCh many more. The commerce upon these waters is immense, and its regulation clearly a matter of national concern. If each state was at liberty to regulate the conduct of carriers while within its jurisdiction, the confusion likely to follow could not but be productive of great inconvenience and unnecessary hardship.. Each state would provide for its own passengers, and'regulate the transportation of its own freight, regardless of the interests of othel'S. Nay, more, it would prescribe rules by which the carrier must be governed within the state in respect to passengers and property brought from without. On one side of the river, or its tributaries, he might be required to observe one set of rules and on the other side another. Commerce cannot flourish in the midst of such embarrassments. No carrier of passengers can conduct his business with satisfaction to himself or comfort to those employing him, if on one side of a state line his passengers, both white and colored, must be permitted to occupy the same cabin, and' on the other be kept separate. Uniformity in the regulations by which he is to be governed from one end to the other of his route, is a necessity in his business, and, to secure it, congress, which is untrammeled by state lines, has been invested with the exclusive legislative power of determining what such regUlations shall be." 95 U. S. 489. .,
In the case at bar the state of Tennessee has enacted no law in respect to the subject-matter of this contention. She has not entered the field of this legislation. It is occupied by congress alone, and the case must stand or fall upon the proper construction of the terms of the act of congress. If the act, by its terms, does not embrace a shipment of swine· from one point within the state to another within it, over a line entirely within the state, the action must fail, and the other point raised by the demurrer will need no consideration. Section 4386 of the Revised Statutes says: c' No railroad company within the United States, whose road forms any part of a line of road over which cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals are conveyed from one state to another, * * * shall confine the same in cars * * * for a longer period than 28 consecutive hours without unloading the same for rest, water, and feeding for a period of at least five consecutive hours."
The first part of the paragraph describes the railroad to be affecte.l by the statute as one forming a "part of a line of road. over which cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals are conveyed from one state to another." This does not include and cannot include any other animals than such as are conveyed from one state to another. It is
644
REPORTER. ,
so limited by its plain, unambiguous language. When the statute prescribes the rule or regulation by which the railroad is to be gOY· erned, it says, "the same" shall not be confined, etc. The word "same" is here an adjective, and is defined to mean "not different or other; identical." 'If we supply the ellipsis in the sentence, the lawwill read: "No railroad company within the .United Btates, whose road forms any part of a line of road over which 'cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals are conveyed from one state to another, shall can· fine the cattle, sheep, swine, or other animals to be conveyed from one state to another for a longer period," etc. A simple grammatical constr"uction of the language used, confines the duties imposed to animals conveyed over the line: .of road from one state to another, and has no reference or relation to such as are shipped within the state to a point therein over a road within its limits. This view of the case renders it unnecessary to consider the other point raised by the demurrer. Whether congress has the power to impose duties similar .to those embraced in this statute in respect to shipments animals within a state over of the state to points within it, does not arise. Congress in this statute, according to the "iew taken., hitS not attempted to do so. The demurrer' will be sustained and the bill dismissed.
WHITFORD
v, CLARK COUNTY.October 10, 1882.)
(Circuit Oourt, E. D. }[i88o'uri.
1.
MUNICIPAL BONDS-COUPONS-FRAUDULENT ISSTTE-RIGHTS OF HOI,DElt.
A purchaser with notice cannot recover upon detaclled interest coupons fraudulently issued after maturity.
Suit upon coupons of Clark county bonds. H. A. et A. C. Clover and Fisher et Rowell, for plaintiff. Glover et Shepley, for defendant.. TREAT,D. J. 'fhe court, sitting without the intervention of a jury in the trial of this cause, finds the facts to be: That said county subscribed, in the year 1871, for 2,000 .sharefl of the capital stock of the Missouri & Mississippi Railroad Company, to be paid iIi the bonds of said county at par, runnmg for the term of 20 years, and bearing :nterest at the rate of 8 per cent. per annum; said bonds, or the pro· '*'Reported by B. F. Rex, Esq., of the St. Louis bar.
WHITFORD V. CLAnK COUNTY.
ceeds thereof, to be used in the construction by said coinp'anyof that part of the railroad lying within said county. The county was, under said contract of sUbscription, to deliver its bonds ,forthwith to a ·financialagent to be chosen by its county court, who was to give his bond as a.gent, subJect to the approval of the company and of the court, for the use of the county and of the company, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties as such agent, he to have the power to sell the bonds through the St. Louis bond and stock board, or through Bartholow, Lewis & Co., bankers of St. Louis, anat'o pay over to the railroad company the said bonds, or the proceeds of the sale thereof, on. the order of the said railroad company, as fast as the work progressed on the railroad in said county; each payment to include all work and necessary expenses expended in said county to the date of said payment. The bonds, with interest coupons annexed, were accordingly delivered to one Tinsman, who had been duly appointed such financial agent, and given his official bond conditioIJe,d and' approved as required. The county also appointed an agent' to vote its stock, and received a certificate therefor. Said financial agent deposited the bonds and coupons with Bartholow, Lewis & Co. The railroad company entered into a contract ;with a construction company in 1872 to build the road and to receive in part payment therefor the vonds of Clark county. At the instance of said construction company the county bonds and coupons then in possession of Bartholow, Lewis & Co. were I'emoved to and deposited with the Exchange Bank at Pana, Illinois, in 1873 ; said construction company, with sureties,indemnifying said Tinsman, the financial agent, for said removal, and making provision also for a lien said Bartholow, Lewis &90. had on said bondsa,nd coupons to the amount of abqut $30,000. There :were deposited 'with the said Exchange Bank in 1873, to the credit of said Tinsman, agent, Clark county bonds to the amount of $190,000; and detached coupons to the amount of $24,000·. The construction company obtained and used the bonds, but never did all the work required, nor did the railroad company, and the Exchange Bank failed. The construction company coupons in suit continued in possession of the former president of said bank after its failure until 1878, when he delivered them to said Tinsman, the said financial agent. Said Tinsman retained possession of them until 1881, when he delivered them, without consideration, to his brotherin-law, Roseberry, who was one of the sureties on his (Tinsma,n's) official bond. At that time Clark county was negotiating with its bondholders for a compromise on its bonds and coupons isslied for
G46
FEDERAL REPORTER.
its subscription to said railroad stock, as heretofore stated. The coupons in suit had been for many yeaTs detached from the bonds and treated as a distinct and matured obligation. The plaintiff, through his agents, negotiated for and bought of said Roseberry said coupons for the sum of $2,500, of which sum Tinsman's wife, the sister of Rosebeny, received from Roseberry $1,150. The condition of said e0upons, and the general facts and circumstances of the controversy between the bondholders and Clark county concerning the alleged fraudulent issue of the bonds and coupons, were known to the plaintiff when he bought the coupons in suit. Whereupon the court declares that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, and orders judgment for the defendant.
WASHINGTON MILLS EMERY MANUF'G Co. SAME SAME
v.
COMMERCIAL FIRE
INs. Co.
ROGER WILLIAMS MERIDEN FIRE
INs. INs.
Co.
SAME SAME
TRADE INS. Co.
COLUMBIA FIRE INS. Co.
(Circuit Court, D. Massachusetts. 1. INSURANCE-BREACH OF CONDITION.
October 14, 1882.)
Plaintiff, a corporation, had conveyed certain ground on which the buildings insured were situated to the city of Boston, with the right to remove the b11ildings within a certain time, or they would be forfeited. Held, that until forfeiture it still owned the buildings, and that its not notifying the insurance company of its conveyance to the city was not a breach of the condition in the policy proViding that "if the interest of the assured in the property be any other than the entire, unconditional, and sole ownership of the property for the use and benefit of the assured, or if the building insured stands on leased ground, it must be so represented to the company, or so expressed in the written part of the .policy, otherwise the policy shall be void...
2.
UESERVATION-ExCEPTION-DEED.
The clause in the deed" that the grantor corporation excepts and reserves to itself all of the buildings, etc., standing on the granted lands," etc., is an exception and not a >' for a reservation is a clause in a deed whereby the grantor reserves some new thing to himself out of that ,,!,hich he granted before, and differs from an exception, which is ever a part of the thing granted, and a thing in esse at the time.