MALLORY 1dANUF'G CO./). MARKS.
.887
of the grinding shell is the hopper. Therefore, there must be a strong, unyielding union between the grinding shell and the hopper. Where the hopper is elevated, the grinding shell is sustained laterally against the strain of grinding by the top of the box. The advantages thus resulting from Strobridge's arrangement have been availed of by the defendant by the use of what is covered by claim 1 of No. 7,583. There must be a decree for the plaintiff for an account of profits and damages, and a perpetual injunction, with costs.
MALLORY
MANUF'G Co. v. MARKS and others. Oqtober 19,1881.)
(Circuie Court,8. D. New York.
Hoops.
A patent for an improvement in hats, where the claim is for a combination of the brim with a drooping spring hoop in the front and rear and elevated sides, and the means of producing such droop and elevation-the hoop being bent by twisting wire, until the required bend is obtained_in connection.with . the brim of the hat made of flexible material, is infringed by a similar device. 2. B..um-NoT ANTICIPATED BY PRIOR I:NVJllNTrONS. The existence before of straight, untwisted wires in hat brIms, made of a ible fabric, does not anticipate the patent; it requiring expeiiment llnd invention to pass from them to the arrangement of the patent, although previously known that giving a permanent twist to a resilient w;re would pertnanently alter its longitudinal set. . .
Eugene 'l'readwell, for plaintiff. Betts, Atterburg' et Betts, for defendants. BLATCHFORD, C. J. This suit is brought on letters patent No. 74,392, granted February 11, 1868, to George Mallory, for an "hnprovement in hats." The specification says: .. Figure 1 represents a side view of a hat constructed according to my invention; figure 2 represents a perspective view of one of the springs of the same; figure 3 represents a top view of the hat; figure 4 represents an edge view of one of the springs of the same; and figure 5 represents a cross section of the hoop enlarged. The object of my invention is to improve hats made from flexible fabrics, such as cloth; llJ1d the tnvention consists of the combination of the brim of the hat with a drooping spring,boop, by I mean a spring hoop bent or twisted in such mannel' as to iIppart a droop to the front and rear of the brim. and an elevation to the sides thereof. 'The hat represented in the accompanying drawings embodies my invention when the hoop is formed of concavo-convex' wire, the brim being strained andil'hapM by a spring-hoop, which is both concavo-convex and tWisted, 80 as to give the
B88
FEDERAL REPORTER.
required droop at the front and rear. 1'he hoop is best formed out of steel wire, which, by passage between rollers in a manner well known to metal workers, is formed rounding on one side and hollowing on the other, so that its transverse section is such as is represented at figure 5. A piece of this concavoconvex wire, of the proper length to form the hoop, is cut off and is bent in the following manner :. Two vises are secured to a bench, at a distance apart a little less than the length of the piece of wire, so that it'can be strained between them, its ends being gripped simultaneously in both. A forked support is also fixed upon the bench, midway between the vises, and the fork or slit in this support is made just large enough to receive the wire edgewise. The piece of wire is strained between the vises and in the fork. '.Phan a forked instrument is applied to it midway between the center support and one of the vises, and the wire is partially twisted by meaus of this forked instrument, until. the required bend is obtained. The instrument is then applied in like manner to the wire at the other side of the central snpport, and the partial twisting there is made equalto that imparted to the ptirtion onhe wire first twisted. The piece is then removed from the. vises, and a sheet-brass clasp, a, similar to those used for skirt-hoops, is applied to one of Its ends. The piece is then inserted in a tubular socket or case, m, formed. in the rim of hat, through an opening left for the purpose, and its ends are secured together by the brass clasp; or the hoop may first be formed by uniting the ends of the piece of the clasp, and then it may be sewed into a tubular socket in the rim of the hat; When the ends of the hoop are united, it will be foltnd that ·the hoop has the form, edgewise, shown at figures 2 and 4, and, when it is in the hat, the brim is compelled by the form of the spring to droop at the front, b, and rear, c, as shown at figure 1, and to rise at the sides, d. I generally apply two hoops to the brim of the hat body, placing one at about half the breadth of the brim from the and, in forming the hoops and applying them to crown, as shown at the hat-brim, I take care to make them sufficiently large, and to so apply them as to strain or stretch the brim by distention. My invention may be used by forming the hoop of straight untwisted concave-conv.ex wire; also by using flat wire for the hoop, and twisting it as above described. The hat possesses the advantage resulting from the light weight of a concavo-convex hoop, as well as the stylish oroop r lsulting from the twist of the hoop; and, besides, the rounded exterior of such a hoop tends to prevent the material bearing upon it from wearing away, as it has no sharp corner to cut the cloth."
n,.
The claim is as follows: "The combination of the brim of a hat with a drooping hoop, so that the brim is caused to droop at the front and the l'ear, and to rise at the sides, substantially as set forth. "
It is proper to determine, in the first place, the construction of the patent·. It does not claim broadly a hat brim which droops at the front and rear and rises at the sides. It claims the combination of the brim of a hat with a drooping hoop, substantially as set forth, which combination produces the effect specified. The specification states what is meant by "a drooping hoop" in the claim, It means
MALLORY MANUF'G CO.
v.
MARKS.
889
"a drooping spring that is, "a spring hoop bent or twisted in such manner as to impart a droop to the front and rear of the brim, an(l an elevation to the sides thereof." A droop at the front and rear of the brim, and an elevation at the sides thereof, was not new, nor claimed as new. The means of producing such droop and elevation were claimed. The hoop must be a spring hoop. It must be a hoop having a spring action. It must both strain and. shape the brim. The specification calls the hoop a spring, and says that it is the form of the spring, when it is in place in the brim, that causes the brim to droop at the front and rear, and rise at the sides. The droop is required to be so large-that is, so large circumferentiallyand so applied as to strain or stretch the brim by distension, as well as to shape it. The specification also shows that wh.en it says that the hoop is "bent or twisted," it uses the word "bent" as synonymous with the word "twisted." The hoop is so bent by twisting itl! material. The text says that the material ia bent by twisting it in ner described, and that it is twisted until the required bend is obtained. The remark, in the specification, the "invention may be used by forming the hoop of straight, untwisted, concavo-convex wire," must be rejected as not affecting the proper construction of the claim; and the hoop of the claim must be a spring hoop twisted substantially in the manner described in the patent. ThisconRtruction is necessary to sustain the claim, in view of the state of the art, as shown.. In addition, the brim of the hat must be made from a flexible fabric. The answer denies infringement. The defendants, while admit. ting that their hat, Marks, No.1, shows a spring hoop with a droop at the front and rear, and an elevation at the sides, combined with a brim of flexible material, contend that it is not shown that the droop was imparted to the wire of the hoop by twisting it in the manner described in the patent. This is not so. The plaintiff's expert, Mr. Renwick, says that the second device. entering into the combination of the claim of the patent is a "hoop made of a resilient material, such as steel wire, and bent or twisted so as to droop at the parts which correspond with the front and rear of the brim of the hat, and to rise at the parts which correspond with the sides of the brim." He then says that the hoop in Marks, No.1, "is a drooping spring hoop, apparently igentical in its construction and in its characteristics with the drooping spring hoop which constitutes the second device of the said plaintiff's patent." This is prima jaciesufficient. There is no evidence in contradiction of it. On the contrary, the cross-examination of said expert seems to proceed on the view tha
890
the wire in Marks, No.1, is twisted. If this were not so, it was easy for the defendants to have shown it. There was sufficient invention to support the patent. The existence of straight, untwisted wires before in brims made of a flexible fabric does not anticipate the patent. It required experiment and invention to pass from them to the arrangement of the patent, although it w8.skndwn before that the giving a permanent twist to a resilient' wire would permanently alter its longitudinal set. The Adams & Slicer patent of December 24, 1861, covered the giving such an excess in the length of a reed, wire, or other flexible article, over that of the outer edge of the brim of a hat so formed of an extensible material, that when said reed or wire should be inouter edge, it would give not serted and ,forced into a case on only firmness to the brim, but also a rising curvature thereto,of any desirable configuration. This was an attempt towards the result aimed at in the plaintiff's patent, but the means were different. The means '()f the plaintiff's patent were not obvious. They were much superior to those of the Adams & Slicer patent, as is shown' by/the great' SUCCElsswhich the Mallory brim at once met with. With all the knowledge which skilled men had as to the twisting and set of res1lieflt wire, they groped about, trying all methods but the one which was the needed one to secure the desirable result. Yet in thiS case, as in all other cases like it, it is said that the means were so obvious as not to amount to invention. The English patent t() John Avery, No. 1,822, of 1856, only speaks of using a steel or other metal spring to give form and flexibility to a bonnet or bonnet foundation. There is no suggestion of twisting the wire. The English provisional specification of John Taylor and others, of March 23, 1860, No. 751, speaks only of giving a final shape, set, or finish to a hat brim by a frame made to the required shape, either of metal, wood, composition, or any suitable metal or material. It has noth. ing to do with the Mallory inyention. 'rhe French patent to Langenhagen and Hepp, of October 4, 1862, No. 56,002, speaks only of giving strength and stability to the edge of a braided hat by folding the edge and sewing into the fold a rush, a brass wire, or a spring of whalebone. This is of no importance. The patent to William H. Mallory, of September 8, 1863, No. 39,822,: shows only flat steel hoops or springs inserted at right angles to the brim of the hat, in hems or tucks formed in the brim. The other patents put in evidence by the defendants were granted after the invention of Mallory was made. That was made in July or August,
MEYER
V.
GOODYEAR INDIA-RUBBER GLOVE MANUF'G CO.
8tn
1863. The defendants claim to have shown that the Mallory invention was made by Carl Fischer in 1855, in New York, when he was working for Small & Stieglitz, and that Fischer thep twisted wires in the manner described in the plaintiff's patent, and placed them in the brims of hats to the number of 70 or 75 dozen, and that such hats were sold. On all the evidence in regard to this invention by Fischer, it must be held that it has not bf:\en satisfactorily established. The defendants also set up a prior invention by Philip Lasky, in 1861 or 1862, and one by John H. A. Nissen, at the end of 1861 or the beginning of 1862. On the whole evidence these are.not made out. The foregoing views apply also to the suits against Isidor. and Hein, David Fox and others, John S. Bancroft and others, and Patrick Corbit. They also apply, except as to infringement, to the suit against Marcus Marks and Abraham Marks, in which infringement is admitted by the answer. In the case against Marcus Marks and Abraham Marks, the answer sets up an agreement made by the plaintiff with the defendants on or about Aprill, 1878, whereby the plaintiff licensed the defendants to make and sell hats under the patent. The evidence fails to establish such agreement. There must be decrees for the plaintiff in all the suits, with costs.
MEYER and another v. GOODYEAR INDIA-RUBBIilR GLOVE ).hNUF'G Co. (Circuit Oourt, D. Oonnecticut. December 6, 1881.) 1. REISSUES-NEW MATrIl:R.
Where a part of the invention of the patentees which was not embraced in the original specification, included in the reissue, was shown in the model, the reissue is not inv.alid on the. ground that it contains" new matter.". 1 BUIE-PRIOR DECISION-PATENTABILITY.
Where, by a prior decision of a case the v.alidity of a patent, it was decided that the present reissue was not patentable bV reason of an earlier patent, argument against the propriety of such decision will not be entertained.
S. D. Law and Benjamin F. Thurston, for plaintiffs. Frederick H. Betts and George Harding, for defendant. SHIPMAN, D. J. This is a bill in equity to restrain the alleged infringement of reissued letters patent granted to the plaintiffs on November 17, 1874, for an "improvement in India-rubber shoes." The original patent was granted to Christopher Meyer and John Evans, as inventors, on February 21, 1871, and was reissued to the same per-